Initial Windows agent repository
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OGP64/usr/share/doc/groff-1.24.1/html/pic-3.html
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<!-- Creator : groff version 1.24.1 -->
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<!-- CreationDate: Mon Mar 16 21:28:01 2026 -->
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="groff -Thtml, see www.gnu.org">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<meta name="Content-Style" content="text/css">
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<style type="text/css">
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p { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top }
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pre { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top }
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table { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top }
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h1 { text-align: center }
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</style>
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<title>pic-3.html</title>
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</head>
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<hr>
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[ <a href="pic-2.html">prev</a> | <a href="pic-4.html">next</a> | <a href="pic.html">top</a> ]
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<hr>
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<h2>3. Basic PIC Concepts
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<a name="3. Basic PIC Concepts"></a>
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</h2>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">Pictures are described
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procedurally, as collections of objects connected by
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motions. Normally, <b>pic</b> tries to string together
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objects left-to-right in the sequence they are described,
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joining them at visually natural points. Here is an example
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illustrating the flow of data in <b>pic</b> processing:</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em"><img src="img/pic-1.png" alt="Image img/pic-1.png"></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-1: Flow
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of <b>pic</b> data</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">This was produced from the
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following <b>pic</b> program:</p>
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<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">.PS <br>
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ellipse "document"; <br>
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arrow; <br>
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box width 0.6 "\fIgpic\/\fP(1)" <br>
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arrow; <br>
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box width 1.1 "\fIgtbl\/\fP(1) or \fIgeqn\/\fP(1)"
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"(optional)" dashed; <br>
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arrow; <br>
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box width 0.6 "\fIgtroff\/\fP(1)"; <br>
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arrow; <br>
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ellipse "PostScript" <br>
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.PE</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">This little program illustrates
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several <b>pic</b> basics. Firstly, we see how to invoke
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three object types; ellipses, arrows, and boxes. We see how
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to declare text lines to go within an object (and that text
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can have font changes in it). We see how to change the line
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style of an object from solid (the default) to dashed. And
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we see that a box can be made wider than its default size to
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accommodate more text (we’ll discuss this facility in
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detail in the next section).</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">We also get to see
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<b>pic</b>’s simple syntax. Statements are ended by
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newlines or semicolons. String quotes are required around
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all text arguments, whether or not they contain spaces. In
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general, the order of command arguments and modifiers like
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“width 1.2” or “dashed”
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doesn’t matter, except that the order of text
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arguments is significant.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">Here are all but two of the
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basic <b>pic</b> objects at their default sizes:</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em"><img src="img/pic-2.png" alt="Image img/pic-2.png"></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-2: Basic
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<b>pic</b> objects</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">The missing simple object types
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are <i>spline</i> and <i>polygon</i>. There is also a way to
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collect objects into <i>block composites</i> which allows
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you to treat the whole group as a single object (resembling
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a box) for many purposes. We’ll describe all of these
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later on.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">The box, ellipse, circle, and
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block composite objects are <i>closed</i>; lines, arrows,
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arcs and splines are <i>open</i>. Polygons are a special
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case drawn using the syntax of open objects, but with most
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of the attributes of closed objects. This distinction is
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often important in explaining command modifiers.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-2 was produced by the
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following <b>pic</b> program, which introduces some more
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basic concepts:</p>
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<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">.PS <br>
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box "box"; <br>
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move; <br>
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line "line" ""; <br>
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move; <br>
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arrow "arrow" ""; <br>
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move; <br>
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circle "circle"; <br>
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move; <br>
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ellipse "ellipse"; <br>
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move; <br>
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arc; down; move; "arc" <br>
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.PE</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">The first thing to notice is the
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<i>move</i> command, which moves a default distance (1/2
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inch) in the current movement direction.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">Secondly, see how we can also
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decorate lines and arrows with text. The line and arrow
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commands each take two arguments here, specifying text to go
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above and below the object. If you wonder why one argument
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would not do, contemplate the output of <b>arrow
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"ow!"</b>:</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em"><img src="img/pic-3.png" alt="Image img/pic-3.png"></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-3: Text
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centered on an arrow</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">When a command takes one text
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string, <b>pic</b> tries to place it at the object’s
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geometric center. As you add more strings, <b>pic</b> treats
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them as a vertical block to be centered. The program</p>
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<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">line
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"1"; <br>
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line "1" "2"; <br>
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line "1" "2" "3"; <br>
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line "1" "2" "3"
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"4"; <br>
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line "1" "2" "3" "4"
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"5";</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">for example, gives you this:</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em"><img src="img/pic-4.png" alt="Image img/pic-4.png"></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-4:
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Effects of multiple text arguments</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">The last line of Figure
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3-2’s program, ‘<b>arc; down; move;
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"arc"</b>’, describing the captioned arc,
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introduces several new ideas. Firstly, we see how to change
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the direction in which objects are joined. Had we written
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<b>arc; move; "arc"</b>, omitting <b>down</b> the
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caption would have been joined to the top of the arc, like
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this:</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em"><img src="img/pic-5.png" alt="Image img/pic-5.png"></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-5:
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Result of <b>arc; move; "arc"</b></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">This is because drawing an arc
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changes the default direction to the one its exit end points
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at. To reinforce this point, consider:</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em"><img src="img/pic-6.png" alt="Image img/pic-6.png"></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-6:
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Result of <b>arc cw; move; "arc"</b></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">All we’ve done differently
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here is specify “cw” for a clockwise arc
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(“ccw” specifies counter-clockwise direction).
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Observe how it changes the default direction to down, rather
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than up.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">Another good way to see this via
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with the following program:</p>
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<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">line; arc; arc
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cw; line</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">which yields:</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em"><img src="img/pic-7.png" alt="Image img/pic-7.png"></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-top: 1em">Figure 3-7:
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Result of <b>line; arc; arc cw; line</b></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">Notice that we did not have to
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specify “up” for the second arc to be joined to
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the end of the first.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em">Finally, observe that a string,
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alone, is treated as text to be surrounded by an invisible
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box of a size either specified by width and height
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attributes or by the defaults <b>textwid</b> and
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<b>textht</b>. Both are initially zero (because we
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don’t know the default font size).</p>
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<hr>
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[ <a href="pic-2.html">prev</a> | <a href="pic-4.html">next</a> | <a href="pic.html">top</a> ]
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<hr>
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