689 lines
20 KiB
HTML
689 lines
20 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!--
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This file is part of groff, the GNU roff type-setting system.
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Copyright (C) 2004-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Written by Peter Schaffter (peter@schaffter.ca).
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts.
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A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called
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FDL in the main directory of the groff source package.
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-->
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/>
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<title>Mom -- Graphical Objects</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" />
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</head>
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<body style="background-color: #f5faff;">
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<!-- ==================================================================== -->
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<div id="top" class="page">
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<!-- Navigation links -->
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<table style="width: 100%;">
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<tr>
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<td><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td>
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<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="docprocessing.html#top">Next: Document processing</a></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h1 class="docs">Graphical objects</h1>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -2.5em;">
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<li><a href="#intro-graphical">Introduction to graphical objects</a></li>
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<li><a href="#behaviour">Graphical objects behaviour</a></li>
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<li><a href="#order">Order of arguments</a></li>
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<li><a href="#index-graphical">Index of graphical objects macros</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div>
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<h2 id="intro-graphical" class="docs">Introduction to graphical objects</h2>
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<p>
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Groff has a number of
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<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escapes</a>
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for drawing rules, polygons, ellipses and splines. All begin with
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<kbd>\D</kbd> (presumably for “Draw”) and are documented
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in the groff info manual:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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info groff \D
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</span>
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The escapes allow you to draw just about any simple graphical object
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you can think of, but owing to their syntax they’re not always easy
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to read, which can make tweaking them difficult. Additionally,
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while they perform in a <i>consistent</i> manner, they don’t
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always perform in an <i>expected</i> manner.
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</p>
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<p>
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Experience shows that the most common graphical elements typesetters
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need are rules (horizontal and vertical), boxes, and circles (or
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ellipses). For this reason, mom provides macros
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to draw these objects in an easy-to-understand way; the results are
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predictable, and mom’s syntax makes fixes or tweaks
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painless.
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</p>
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<p id="graphical-example">
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For example, if you want to draw a 2-inch square outline box at the left
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margin using groff’s <kbd>\D</kbd> escapes, it looks like this:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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back up
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by
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weight
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+-------+
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\D't 500'\h'-500u'\D'p 2i 0 0 2i -2i 0 0 -2i'
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+-------+ +------------------------+
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set rule draw box, 1 line at a time
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weight
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</span>
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Obviously, this isn’t very efficient for something as simple as a
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box.
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</p>
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<p>
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Here’s the same box, drawn with mom’s box drawing
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macro
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<kbd><a href="#dbx">DBX</a></kbd>:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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left margin indent--+ +--box width
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.DBX .5 0 2i 2i
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rule weight--+ +--box depth
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(in points)
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</span>
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</p>
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<p>
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Mom’s graphical object macros allow—in fact,
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require—giving the rule weight (“thickness”) for
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the object (or saying that you want it filled), an indent from the
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left margin where the object begins, the dimensions of the object,
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and optionally a colour for the object.
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</p>
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<p>
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There are no defaults for the arguments to mom’s graphical
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object macros, which means you must supply the arguments every time
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you invoke them.
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</p>
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<div class="box-tip">
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<p class="tip">
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<span class="note">Note:</span>
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As stated above, mom only provides macros for commonly-used
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graphical objects (rules, boxes, circles). More complex objects
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(polygons, non-straight lines, splines) must be drawn using
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groff’s <kbd>\D</kbd> escapes.
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</p>
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</div>
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<h3 id="behaviour" class="docs">Graphical object behaviour</h3>
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<p>
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Mom’s graphical object macros all behave in the following,
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carved-in-stone ways:
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</p>
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<ol style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: -.5em;">
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<li>Objects are drawn from the
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<a href="definitions.html#baseline">baseline</a>
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down, including horizontal rules.</li>
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<li>Objects begin precisely at the left indent supplied as
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an argument to the macro.</li>
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<li>Objects are drawn from left to right.</li>
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<li>Enclosed objects (boxes, circles) are drawn from the
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perimeter <i>inward</i>.</li>
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<li>Objects return to their horizontal/vertical point of origin.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>
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The consistency means that once you’ve mastered the very
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simple order of arguments that applies to invoking graphical
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object macros, you can draw objects with full confidence that you
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know exactly where they’re placed and how much room they
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occupy. Furthermore, because all return to their point of origin,
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you’ll know exactly where you are on the page.
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</p>
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<h3 id="order" class="docs">Order of arguments</h3>
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<p>
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The order of arguments to the graphical object macros is the same
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for every macro:
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</p>
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<ul style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: -.5em;">
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<li>the rule weight
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<ul style="margin-left: -.75em;">
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<li>the single word <kbd>SOLID</kbd> may be used in place
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of <kbd>weight</kbd> if you want boxes or circles filled</li>
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</ul></li>
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<li>the indent from the current left margin at which to begin
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the object
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</li>
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<li>the width of the object if applicable</li>
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<li>the depth of the object if applicable</li>
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<li>the colour of the object (optional)</li>
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</ul>
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<div class="macro-list-container">
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<h3 id="index-graphical" class="macro-list">Graphical objects macros</h3>
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<ul class="macro-list">
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<li><a href="#drh">DRH</a>
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– horizontal rules</li>
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<li><a href="#drv">DRV</a>
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– vertical rules</li>
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<li><a href="#dbx">DBX</a>
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– box</li>
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<li><a href="#dcl">DCL</a>
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– circles or ellipses</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<!-- -DRH- -->
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<div class="macro-id-overline">
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<h3 id="drh" class="macro-id">Drawing horizontal rules</h3>
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</div>
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<div class="box-macro-args">
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Macro: <b>DRH</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><none> | <weight> <indent> <width> [<colour>]</kbd>
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</div>
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<p class="requires">
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•
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the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in
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<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>,
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but do <span class="normal">not</span> append the
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<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>,
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<kbd class="normal">p</kbd>
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<br/>
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•
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<kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>
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and
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<kbd class="normal"><width></kbd>
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require a unit of measure
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<br/>
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•
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arithmetic expressions to
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<kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>
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and
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<kbd class="normal"><width></kbd>
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must be surrounded by parentheses
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</p>
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<p>
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If all you want is to draw a rule from your current left
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margin to your current right margin (in other words, a "full
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measure" rule), you may invoke <kbd>.DRH</kbd> without any
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arguments.
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</p>
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<div class="box-tip">
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<p class="tip">
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<span class="note">Note:</span>
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DRH is the only graphical object macro that may be invoked
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without arguments. The weight (“thickness”) of
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the rule is determined by the argument you last gave the
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macro
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<a href="inlines.html#rule-weight">RULE_WEIGHT</a>.
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DRH, used this way, is exactly equivalent to entering the
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<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escape</a>
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<a href="inlines.html#inline-rule-mom"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd></a>.
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</p>
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</div>
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<p style="margin-top: -.5em;">
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To draw horizontal rules of a specified width, you must, at
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a minimum, supply DRH with the arguments <kbd>weight,</kbd>
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<kbd>indent</kbd> (measured from the current left margin) and
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<kbd>width</kbd>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Optionally, you may give a <kbd>color</kbd> argument. The colour
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may be either one defined with
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<a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>,
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or a named X-color initialized with
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<a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>,
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or an X-color alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR).
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</p>
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<p>
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Say, for example, you want to draw a 1-1/4 point horizontal rule
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that starts 2 picas from the current left margin and runs for 3
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inches. To do so, you’d invoke <kbd>.DRH</kbd> like this:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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weight width
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.DRH 1.25 2P 3i
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indent
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</span>
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(Note that the rule weight argument, which is expressed in points,
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must not have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.)
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</p>
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<p>
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If, in addition, you want the rule blue:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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.DRH 1.25 2P 3i blue
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</span>
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</p>
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<h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of horizontal rules</h3>
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<p>
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Horizontal rules are drawn from left to right, and from the baseline
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down. “From the baseline down” means that if you request
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a rule with a weight of four points, the four points of rule fall
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entirely below the baseline.
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</p>
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<p>
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Furthermore, after the rule is drawn, mom returns you to the current
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left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as when DRH
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was invoked. In other words, DRH causes no movement on the page,
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either horizontal or vertical.
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</p>
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<!-- -DRV- -->
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<div class="macro-id-overline">
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<h3 id="drv" class="macro-id">Drawing vertical rules</h3>
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</div>
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<div class="box-macro-args">
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Macro: <b>DRV</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><weight> <indent> <depth> [<colour>]</kbd>
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</div>
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<p class="requires">
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•
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the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in
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<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>,
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but do <span class="normal">not</span> append the
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<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>,
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<kbd class="normal">p</kbd>
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<br/>
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•
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<kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>
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and
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<kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd>
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require a unit of measure
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<br/>
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•
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arithmetic expressions to
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<kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>
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and
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<kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd>
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must be surrounded by parentheses
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</p>
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<p>
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To draw vertical rules of a specified depth, you must, at
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a minimum, supply DRV with the arguments <kbd>weight,</kbd>
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<kbd>indent</kbd> (measured from the current left margin) and
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<kbd>depth</kbd>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Optionally, you may give a <kbd>color</kbd> argument. The colour
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may be either one defined with
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<a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>,
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or a named X-color initialized with
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<a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>,
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or an X-color alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR).
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</p>
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<p>
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Say, for example, you want to draw a 3/4-point vertical rule that
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starts 19-1/2 picas from the current left margin and has a depth of
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6 centimetres. To do so, you’d invoke <kbd>.DRV</kbd> like
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this:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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weight depth
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.DRV .75 19P+6p 6c
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indent
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</span>
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(Note that the rule weight argument, which is expressed in points,
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must not have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.)
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</p>
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<p>
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If, in addition, you want the rule red:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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.DRV .75 19P+6p 6c red
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</span>
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</p>
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<h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of vertical rules</h3>
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<p>
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Vertical rules are drawn from the baseline down, and from left to
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right. "Left to right" means that if you request a rule
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with a weight of four points, the four points of rule fall entirely
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to the right of the indent given to DRV.
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</p>
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<p>
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Furthermore, after the rule is drawn, mom returns you to the current
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left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as when DRV
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was invoked. In other words, DRV causes no movement on the page,
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either horizontal or vertical.
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</p>
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<!-- -DBX- -->
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<div class="macro-id-overline">
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<h3 id="dbx" class="macro-id">Drawing boxes</h3>
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</div>
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<div class="box-macro-args">
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Macro: <b>DBX</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><weight>|SOLID <indent> <width>|FULL_MEASURE <depth> [<color>]</kbd>
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</div>
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<p class="requires">
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•
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the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in
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<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>,
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but do <span class="normal">not</span> append the
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<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
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<kbd class="normal">p</kbd>
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<br/>
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• <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>,
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<kbd class="normal"><width></kbd>,
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and
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<kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd>
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require a unit of measure
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<br/>
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•
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arithmetic expressions to
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<kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>,
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<kbd class="normal"><width></kbd>,
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and
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<kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd>
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must be enclosed in parentheses.
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</p>
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<p>
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To draw boxes you must, at a minimum, supply DBX with the arguments
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<kbd>weight</kbd> or <kbd>SOLID</kbd>, <kbd>indent</kbd>,
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<kbd>width</kbd> or <kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd>, and <kbd>depth</kbd>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<kbd>weight</kbd> is the rule weight of outlined boxes, given in
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points but without the
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<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
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<kbd>p</kbd> appended.
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</p>
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<p>
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If <kbd>SOLID</kbd> is given as the first argument, the box is
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filled rather than outlined and no <kbd>weight</kbd> argument should
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be supplied.
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</p>
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<p>
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<kbd>indent</kbd> is measured from the current left margin. If
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<kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd> is given, <kbd>indent</kbd> should be set to
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“0”.
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</p>
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<p>
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<kbd>width</kbd> is the width of the box with a
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<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
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appended, caclculated from <kbd>indent</kbd> argument.
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</p>
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<p>
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If <kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd> is given instead of <kbd>width</kbd>,
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it circumvents having to calculate the width when left and/or right
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indents are in effect; mom draws the box from the current left
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margin to the current right margin. When no indents are in effect,
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<kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd> or <kbd>\n[.l]u</kbd>—the groff
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way of saying “the current line length”—have the
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same effect.
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</p>
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<p>
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Optionally, you may give a <kbd>color</kbd> argument. The colour
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may be either one defined with
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<a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>,
|
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or a named X-color initialized with
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<a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>,
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or an X-color alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR).
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</p>
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<p>
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Say, for example, you want to draw a 1/2 point outline box that
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starts one inch from the current left margin and has the dimensions
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12 picas x 6 picas. To do so, you’d invoke <kbd>.DBX</kbd>
|
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like this:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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indent depth
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.DBX .5 1i 12P 6P
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weight width
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</span>
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(Note that the box weight argument, which is expressed in points,
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must not have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you want the same box, but solid (“filled”) rather
|
|
than drawn as an outline:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.DBX SOLID 1i 12P 6P
|
|
</span>
|
|
Additionally, if you want the box green:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.DBX .5 1i 12P 6P green
|
|
</span>
|
|
or
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.DBX SOLID 1i 12P 6P green
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of boxes</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Boxes are drawn from the baseline down, from left to right, and
|
|
from the perimeter <i>inward</i>. “From the perimeter
|
|
inward” means that if you request a box weight of six points,
|
|
the 6-point rules used to draw the outline of the box fall entirely
|
|
<i>within</i> the dimensions of the box.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Furthermore, after the box is drawn, mom returns you to the current
|
|
left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as when DBX
|
|
was invoked. In other words, DBX causes no movement on the page,
|
|
either horizontal or vertical.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -DCL- -->
|
|
|
|
<div class="macro-id-overline">
|
|
<h3 id="dcl" class="macro-id">Drawing circles (ellipses)</h3>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-macro-args">
|
|
Macro: <b>DCL</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><weight>|SOLID <indent> <width>|FULL_MEASURE <depth> [<color>]</kbd>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p class="requires">
|
|
•
|
|
the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>,
|
|
but do <span class="normal">not</span> append the
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
|
|
<kbd class="normal">p</kbd>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
• <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>,
|
|
<kbd class="normal"><width></kbd>,
|
|
and
|
|
<kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd>
|
|
require a unit of measure
|
|
<br/>
|
|
•
|
|
arithmetic expressions to
|
|
<kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>,
|
|
<kbd class="normal"><width></kbd>,
|
|
and
|
|
<kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd>
|
|
must be enclosed in parentheses.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
To draw circles you must, at a minimum, supply DCL with the arguments
|
|
<kbd>weight</kbd> or <kbd>SOLID</kbd>, <kbd>indent</kbd>,
|
|
<kbd>width</kbd> or <kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd>, and <kbd>depth</kbd>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<kbd>weight</kbd> is the rule weight of outlined circles, given in
|
|
points but without the unit of measure
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
|
|
<kbd>p</kbd> appended.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If <kbd>SOLID</kbd> is given as the first argument, the circle is
|
|
filled rather than outlined and no <kbd>weight</kbd> argument should
|
|
be supplied.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<kbd>indent</kbd> is measured from the current left margin. If
|
|
<kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd> is given, <kbd>indent</kbd> should be set to
|
|
“0”.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<kbd>width</kbd> is the width of the circle with a
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
|
|
appended, caclculated from <kbd>indent</kbd> argument.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If <kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd> is given instead of <kbd>width</kbd>,
|
|
it circumvents having to calculate the width when left and/or right
|
|
indents are in effect; mom draws the circle from the current left
|
|
margin to the current right margin. When no indents are in effect,
|
|
<kbd>FULL_MEASURE</kbd> or <kbd>\n[.l]u</kbd>—the groff
|
|
way of saying “the current line length”—have the
|
|
same effect.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Optionally, you may give a <kbd>color</kbd> argument. The colour
|
|
may be either one defined with
|
|
<a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>,
|
|
or a named X-color initialized with
|
|
<a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>,
|
|
or an X-color alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Say, for example, you want to draw a 1/2 point outline circle that
|
|
starts one inch from the current left margin and has the dimensions
|
|
12 picas x 6 picas. To do so, you’d invoke <kbd>.DCL</kbd>
|
|
like this:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
indent depth
|
|
| |
|
|
.DCL .5 1i 12P 6P
|
|
| |
|
|
weight width
|
|
</span>
|
|
(Note that the circle weight argument, which is expressed in points,
|
|
must not have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you want the same circle, but solid (“filled”) rather
|
|
than drawn as an outline:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.DCL SOLID 1i 12P 6P
|
|
</span>
|
|
Additionally, if you want the circle green:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.DCL .5 1i 12P 6P green
|
|
</span>
|
|
or
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.DCL SOLID 1i 12P 6P green
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of circles (ellipses)</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Circles (ellipses) are drawn from the baseline down, from left
|
|
to right, and from the perimeter <i>inward</i>. “From the
|
|
perimeter inward” means that if you request a circle weight of
|
|
six points, the 6-point rule used to draw the outline of the circle
|
|
or ellipse falls entirely <i>within</i> the dimensions of the
|
|
circle or ellipse.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Furthermore, after the circle is drawn, mom returns you to the
|
|
current left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as
|
|
when DCL was invoked. In other words, DCL causes no movement on the
|
|
page, either horizontal or vertical.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="rule-long"><hr/></div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation links -->
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<table style="width: 100%; margin-top: 12px;">
|
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<tr>
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<td style="width: 33%;"><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td>
|
|
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;"><a href="#top">Top</a></td>
|
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<td style="width: 33%; text-align: right;"><a href="docprocessing.html#top">Next: Document processing</a></td>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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