1112 lines
38 KiB
HTML
1112 lines
38 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!--
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This file is part of groff, the GNU roff type-setting system.
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Copyright (C) 2004-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Written by Peter Schaffter (peter@schaffter.ca).
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts.
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A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called
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FDL in the main directory of the groff source package.
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-->
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/>
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<title>Mom -- Inline escapes</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" />
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</head>
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<body style="background-color: #f5faff;">
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<!-- ==================================================================== -->
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<div id="top" class="page">
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<!-- Navigation links -->
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<table style="width: 100%;">
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<tr>
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<td><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td>
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<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="color.html#top">Next: Coloured text</a></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h1 id="inline-escapes" class="docs">Inline escapes</h1>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="#index-inlines">List of inline escapes</a>
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</div>
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<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div>
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<h2 id="intro-inlines" class="docs">Introduction</h2>
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<p>
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Inline escapes, as described in the
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<a href="definitions.html#inlines">groff terms</a>
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section of this manual, are typesetting commands that appear in text
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<a href="definitions.html#inputline">input lines</a>,
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as opposed to macros and other
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<a href="definitions.html#controllines">control lines</a>
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that must appear on lines by themselves.
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</p>
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<p>
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Aside from altering type parameters within a line, inlines also tell
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groff about special characters—em-dashes, bullets,
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<a href="definitions.html#figurespace">figure/digit-width spaces</a>,
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and so on. It is beyond the scope of this manual to provide
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a complete list of groff’s inline functions and special
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characters. I recommend having a look at the
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<a href="intro.html#canonical">canonical reference materials</a>
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should you need more information than is contained herein.
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</p>
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<p>
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In groff, the escape character is the backslash (<kbd>\</kbd>).
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Groff interprets everything following the backslash as instructions,
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not literal text, until the escape sequence is complete. Should
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you need the actual backslash character as part of a line of text,
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simply enter it twice (<kbd>\\</kbd>). Groff understands that this
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means “please print a backslash character.”
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</p>
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<p>
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You can also use <kbd>\e</kbd> to print a literal backslash, or use
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<a href="goodies.html#esc-char">ESC_CHAR</a> to change the escape
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character to something other than the backslash, which lets you
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use a single backslash as a literal backslash.
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</p>
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<p>
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Groff has a number of ways of recognizing what constitutes a
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complete escape sequence. This is both a boon and a curse; some
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escape sequences have no terminating delimiter and consequently
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become difficult to distinguish from real input text. Others
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require the use of an opening parenthesis with no corresponding
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closing parenthesis. Still others need to be enclosed in square
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brackets.
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</p>
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<p>
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Mom recognizes that certain escapes get used more often than others.
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For these, she has a consistent input style that takes the form
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[...]</span></kbd>, which makes them stand out well
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from the text of your documents. These escapes are the ones listed
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under
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<a href="#inlines-mom">Mom’s personal inline escapes</a>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Despite mom’s best intentions, there are still
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a number of typesetting functions that can only be accomplished
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with groff’s native inline escapes. I’ve listed the
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ones that strike me as essential, but there are many others. If you
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want to know what they are, please read the
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<a href="intro.html#canonical">canonical reference materials</a>
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pertaining to groff.
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</p>
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<div class="box-tip">
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<p class="tip">
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<span class="tip">Helpful bit of information:</span>
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Inline escapes can be used in
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<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a>
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that take
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<a href="definitions.html#stringargument">string arguments</a>.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="macro-list-container">
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<h3 id="index-inlines" class="macro-list">List of inline escapes</h3>
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<ul class="macro-list">
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<li id="inlines-mom"><a href="#inlines-mom-top">Mom’s personal inline escapes</a>
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<ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -1.5em;">
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<li><a href="#inline-fonts-mom">Changing fonts</a></li>
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<li><a href="#inline-size-mom">Changing point size</a></li>
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<li><a href="#uc-lc">Capitalise a section of type</a></li>
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<li><a href="#inline-kerning-mom">Pairwise kerning</a></li>
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<li><a href="#inline-horizontal-mom">Horizontal movement</a></li>
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<li><a href="#inline-vertical-mom">Vertical movement</a></li>
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<li><a href="#inline-b-mom">Terminate a line without advancing on the page</a></li>
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<li><a href="#tb-plus-mom">Call the next sequential tab without advancing on the page</a></li>
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<li><a href="#inline-rule-mom">Full measure rules</a>
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<ul class="sublist" style="font-size: 100%;">
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<li><a href="#rule-weight">Macro to control the weight of rules</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li id="inlines-groff"><a href="#inlines-groff-top">Commonly-used groff inline escapes</a>
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<ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -1.5em;">
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<li><kbd>\f</kbd> <a href="#inline-fonts-groff">Font control</a></li>
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<li><kbd>\h</kbd> <a href="#inline-horizontal-groff">Inline horizontal motions</a></li>
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<li><kbd>\v</kbd> <a href="#inline-vertical-groff">Inline vertical motions</a></li>
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<li><kbd>\w</kbd> <a href="#inline-stringwidth-groff">String width function</a></li>
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<li><kbd>\l</kbd> <a href="#inline-linedrawing-groff">Horizontal line drawing function</a></li>
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<li style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="#inline-characters-groff">Special characters</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div>
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<!-- -INLINE_FONTS_MOM- -->
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<h2 id="inlines-mom-top" class="macro-group">Mom’s personal inline escapes</h2>
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<h3 id="inline-fonts-mom" class="docs">Changing fonts</h3>
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<p>
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Mom provides five escapes for changing fonts inline:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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\*[ROM] Change to the medium roman font
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\*[IT] Change to the medium italic font
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\*[BD] Change to the bold roman font
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\*[BDI] Change to the bold italic font
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\*[PREV] Revert to the previous font (once only)*
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</span>
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</p>
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<div class="box-tip">
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<p class="tip">
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<span class="note">*Note:</span>
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[PREV]</span></kbd> does not operate "stack
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style". It returns to the previous font once only, and
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afterwards has no effect. In other words, in the case of
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[PREV]\*[PREV]</span></kbd>, only the first
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[PREV]</span></kbd> is respected; the second one is silently
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ignored.
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</p>
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</div>
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<p>
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These escapes are provided for merely for convenience, legibility,
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and consistency when typesetting with mom. For more complete and
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flexible inline font control, please see
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<a href="#inline-fonts-groff">font control with <kbd>\f</kbd></a>.
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</p>
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<div class="box-notes">
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<h3 id="inlines-docprocessing-fonts" class="docs notes">Notes concerning document processing</h3>
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<p style="margin-top: .5em;">
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If you’re using the
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<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a>,
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inline font changes remain in effect only for the duration of the
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current document element tag.
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</p>
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<p class="tip-bottom">
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Additionally, if you’re designing your own
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<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a>
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and want to use mom’s inline escapes for changing fonts as
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part of the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings
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for
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<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a>
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and/or
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<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a>
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HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to
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<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>,
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you must enter the inlines beginning with <kbd>\E*</kbd>
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rather than just <kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>, e.g.
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BD]</span></kbd>. You may, in such cases, prefer to
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use the simpler groff inline escape
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<a href="#inline-fonts-groff"><kbd>\f</kbd></a>.
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</p>
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</div>
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<!-- -INLINE_SIZE_MOM- -->
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<h3 id="inline-size-mom" class="docs">Changing point size</h3>
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<p>
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Mom has two inline escapes for changing point size:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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\*[SIZE <size>]
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</span>
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and
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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\*S[<size>]
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</span>
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where “size” is the new size you want. You can use
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either; they behave exactly the same way. For example, to change
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the point size of type inline to 12 points, you could enter either
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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\*[SIZE 12]
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</span>
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or
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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\*S[12]
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</span>
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Entering either <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[SIZE]</span></kbd> or
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\*S[]</span></kbd> with no argument reverts to the former
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point size.
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</p>
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<p>
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The advantage of the first form is that it’s easy to remember,
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and follows mom’s usual inline syntax. The advantage of the
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second is that it’s more concise.
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</p>
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<p>
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Notice that in both cases, the new size does not require a
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<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>;
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<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>
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is assumed. However, a unit of measure may be appended to the size
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if that’s what you wish. Fractional sizes are, of course,
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allowed.
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</p>
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<p>
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The size given to <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[SIZE <size>]</span></kbd>
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or <kbd><span class="nobr">\*S[<size>]</span></kbd> may be expressed in
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plus or minus terms, which can be very useful. In the following
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examples, the word “mom” will be output 2 points larger
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than the point size of the rest of the line.
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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While she isn't perfect, \*S[+2]mom\*S[-2] isn't half bad.
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While she isn't perfect, \*[SIZE +2]mom\*[SIZE -2] isn't half bad.
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</span>
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Please note that inline size changes do not update the leading if
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<a href="typesetting.html#autolead">AUTOLEAD</a>
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is enabled.
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</p>
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<div class="box-notes">
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<h3 id="inline-docprocessing-ps" class="docs notes">NOTE CONCERNING DOCUMENT PROCESSING</h3>
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<p style="margin-top: .5em;">
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If you’re using the
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<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a>
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and wish to design your own
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<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a>
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using mom’s inline escape for changing point size as part of
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the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for
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<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a>
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and/or
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<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a>
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HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to
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<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>,
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you <i>must</i> use the form <kbd><span class="nobr">\*S[<n>]</span></kbd>
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and enter the inline beginning with <kbd>\E*</kbd>, like this:
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*S[<+|-><n>]</span></kbd>.
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</p>
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<p class="tip-bottom">
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<span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span>
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If you’re accustomed to groff’s usual way of handling
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inline size requests <kbd>(\sN, \s±N, \s(NN, \s±(NN, \s[NNN],
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\s±[NNN]),</kbd> feel free to continue with your old habits. Mom
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doesn’t care.
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</p>
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</div>
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<!-- -CAPITALISATION- -->
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<h3 id="uc-lc" class="docs">Capitalise a section of type</h3>
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<p>
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If you need to capitalise a region of type inline,
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bracket the region of type with the inline escapes,
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UC]</span></kbd> (Upper Case) and
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[LC]</span></kbd> (Lower Case), like this:
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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All work \*[UC]and\*[LC] no play makes Jack a dull boy.
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</span>
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The above produces, on output
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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All work AND no play makes Jack a dull boy.
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</span>
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</p>
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<div class="box-tip">
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<p class="tip">
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<span class="note">Note:</span>
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<kbd>\*[UC]</kbd> and <kbd>\*[LC]</kbd> must not be used inside the
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<a href="definitions.html#stringargument">string arguments</a>
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passed to the
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<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-strings">HEADER_<POSITION></a>
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macro. Instead, use the control macro
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<a href="headfootpage.html#_caps">HEADER_<POSITION>_CAPS.</a>
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For
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<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">HEADER_RECTO</a>
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(or _VERSO) or
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<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">FOOTER_RECTO</a>
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(or _VERSO), supply the <kbd>CAPS</kbd> option to the appropriate
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macro.
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</p>
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</div>
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<!-- -INLINE_KERNING_MOM- -->
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<h3 id="inline-kerning-mom" class="docs">Pairwise kerning</h3>
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<p>
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Pairwise kerning means moving specific letter pairs closer
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together or further apart (see
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<a href="definitions.html#kern">Typesetting terms, kerning</a>
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for more details).
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</p>
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<p>
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Mom permits inline pairwise kerning through the use of the inline
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escapes
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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\*[BU <n>] Closes the space between letters (Back Units).
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\*[FU <n>] Opens the space between letters (Forward Units).
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</span>
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<b><n></b> is the number of
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<a href="definitions.html#kernunit">kern units</a>
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by which to close or open the space between letters.
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</p>
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<p>
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For example,
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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THE HUMAN COST OF COMMODIF\*[FU 1]YING FRESH W\*[BU 4]A\*[BU 5]TER
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</span>
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moves the letter Y in “COMMODIFYING” one kern unit away
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from the letter F, and the letter A in “WATER” four
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kern units closer to the letter W. Additionally, the letter T in
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“WATER” is moved five kern units closer to the letter A.
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</p>
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<p>
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For backward compatibility, the forms
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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\*[BU1]...\*[BU36] Move backward 1...36 <a href="definitions.html#kernunit">kern units</a>
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\*[FU1]...\*[FU36] Move forward 1...36 <a href="definitions.html#kernunit">kern units</a>
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</span>
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also exist (i.e. with no space before the number of kern units desired,
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up to a limit of 36).
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</p>
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<p id="kernunit">
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The default size of a kern unit is 1/36 of the current point size;
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this may be changed by invoking the macro <kbd>.KERN_UNIT</kbd>
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with the desired value, which represents a fraction of the current
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point size. For example, to change the kern unit to 1/54 of the
|
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current point size,
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<br/>
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<span class="pre-in-pp">
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.KERN_UNIT 54
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</span>
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To restore the kern unit to its default, invoke
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<kbd>.KERN_UNIT</kbd> with an argument of <kbd>DEFAULT</kbd>.
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</p>
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<div class="box-notes">
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<h3 id="inlines-docprocessing-kerning" class="docs notes">Notes concerning document processing</h3>
|
|
<p style="margin-top: .5em;">
|
|
If you’re using the
|
|
<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a>
|
|
and wish to design your own
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a>
|
|
using mom’s inline escapes for kerning as part of the left,
|
|
centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a>
|
|
and/or
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a>
|
|
HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>,
|
|
you <i>must</i> use the forms
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BU<n>]</span></kbd> and
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[FU<n>]</span></kbd> (i.e. with no space),
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and enter the inline beginning with <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*</span></kbd>
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rather than just <kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>, e.g.
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<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BU4]</span></kbd>.
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</p>
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<p class="tip-bottom">
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<span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span>
|
|
Using the <kbd>BU</kbd> or <kbd>FU</kbd> escapes between characters
|
|
pairs that are already automatically kerned (see
|
|
<a href="typesetting.html#kern">KERN</a>)
|
|
disables the automatic kerning and uses the value you give to
|
|
<kbd>BU</kbd> or <kbd>FU</kbd> instead.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_HORIZONTAL_MOM- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-horizontal-mom" class="docs">Horizontal inline movement</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Sometimes, you may need to insert a specified amount of white
|
|
space into an
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>,
|
|
or—occasionally—back up to a previous position on an
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#inputline">output</a>
|
|
line in order to create special typographic effects.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Mom’s inline escapes for these horizontal movements are
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span id="bck" class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\*[BCK <n unit>] Move backward inline the specified number of
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a>; decimal fractions are allowed.
|
|
</span>
|
|
and
|
|
<span id="fwd" class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\*[FWD <n unit>] Move forward inline the specified number of
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a>; decimal fractions are allowed.
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
For example,
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
1.\*[FWD 12p]The Free Trade Play-Offs: WalMart 100, Mexico 0
|
|
</span>
|
|
puts 12 points of space between <kbd>1.</kbd> and
|
|
<kbd>The</kbd>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
For backward compatibility, the forms
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\*[BP.25]...\*[BP12.75] Move backward .25...12.75 points
|
|
\*[FP.25]...\*[FP12.75] Move forward .25...12.75 points
|
|
</span>
|
|
also exist (i.e. with no space before the digit and points being
|
|
the unit of measure, hence no unit of measure required). Both
|
|
accept quarter points, so it’s possible to do,
|
|
for example, <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[FP.5]</span></kbd> or
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[BP1.25]</span></kbd> up to a limit of 12.75 points.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-notes">
|
|
<h3 id="inlines-docprocessing-horizontal" class="docs notes">Note concerning document processing</h3>
|
|
<p style="margin-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em;">
|
|
If you’re using the
|
|
<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a>
|
|
and wish to design your own
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a>
|
|
using mom’s inline escapes for horizontal movements as part of
|
|
the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a>
|
|
and/or
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a>
|
|
HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>,
|
|
you <i>must</i> use the forms
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BP<n>]</span></kbd> and
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[FP<n>]</span></kbd> (i.e. with no space),
|
|
and enter the inline beginning with <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*</span></kbd>
|
|
rather than just <kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>, e.g.
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BP.75]</span></kbd>. You may, in such cases, prefer
|
|
to use the native groff inline escape
|
|
<a href="#inline-horizontal-groff"><kbd>\h</kbd></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_VERTICAL_MOM- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-vertical-mom" class="docs">Vertical inline movement</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you need to move portions of type up or down on a line, mom
|
|
provides the following inline escapes:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span id="down" class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\*[DOWN <n unit>] Move down inline the specified number of
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a>
|
|
|
|
<span id="up">\*[UP <n unit>] Move up inline the specified number of
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a></span>
|
|
</span>
|
|
For example,
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
Tel: 905\*[UP 1p]-\*[DOWN 1p]4072
|
|
</span>
|
|
moves the hyphen in the telephone number up by 1 point, then
|
|
moves back down by the same amount.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UP]</span></kbd> and
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[DOWN]</span></kbd>
|
|
do not work in conjunction with the inline escape,
|
|
<a href="#inline-rule-mom"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span>
|
|
For backward compatibility, the following are also available:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\*[ALD.25]...\*[ALD12.75] Advance lead .25...12.75 points (move downward)
|
|
\*[RLD.25]...\*[RLD12.75] Reverse lead .25...12.75 points (move upward)
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="tip-bottom">
|
|
Both <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[ALD]</span></kbd> and
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RLD]</span></kbd> work in points, hence you
|
|
mustn’t use a unit of measure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-notes">
|
|
<h3 id="inline-docprocessing-vertical" class="docs notes">Note concerning document processing</h3>
|
|
<p style="margin-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em;">
|
|
If you’re using the
|
|
<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a>
|
|
and wish to design your own
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a>
|
|
using mom’s inline escapes for vertical movements as part of
|
|
the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a>
|
|
and/or
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a>
|
|
HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to
|
|
<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>,
|
|
you <i>must</i> use the forms
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[ALD<n>]</span></kbd> and
|
|
<kbd>\E*[RLD<n>]</kbd> (i.e. with no space), and enter the
|
|
inline beginning with <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*</span></kbd> rather than just
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>,
|
|
e.g. <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[ALD.5]</span></kbd>.
|
|
You may, in such cases, prefer to use the native groff inline
|
|
escape
|
|
<a href="#inline-vertical-groff"><kbd>\v</kbd></a>.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_B_MOM- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-b-mom" class="docs">Terminate a line without advancing on the page</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Sometimes, you want mom to break a line but not advance on the page.
|
|
This can be accomplished with the macro
|
|
<a href="typesetting.html#el">EL</a>
|
|
or with the escape <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[B]</span></kbd>. Simply attach
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[B]</span></kbd> to the end of any input line. Using
|
|
the example given in the document entry for EL, you’d use
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[B]</span></kbd> like this:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.LEFT
|
|
.LS 12.5
|
|
A line of text.\*[B]
|
|
.ALD 24p
|
|
The next line of text.
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<kbd>\*[B]</kbd> works reliably regardless of the current
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#filled">fill mode</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_TB+_MOM- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="tb-plus-mom" class="docs">Call the next sequential tab without advancing on the page</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Sometimes, you want mom to move to the next tab in sequence (e.g.
|
|
from TAB 1 to TAB 2, or TAB 8 to TAB 9) without mom advancing on the
|
|
page. (See the NOTE
|
|
<a href="typesetting.html#note-tn">here</a>
|
|
if you’re not clear how mom manages tabs and linebreaks.) To
|
|
do so, simply attach the escape <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[TB+]</span></kbd> to
|
|
the end of the input line in previous tab, like this:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.TAB 1
|
|
Some text\*[TB+] \" In tab 1
|
|
Some more text \" In tab 2, same baseline.
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[TB+]</span></kbd> works reliably regardless of the
|
|
current
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#filled">fill mode</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_RULE_MOM- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-rule-mom" class="docs">Full measure rules</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
I find I often need rules drawn to the full measure of the
|
|
current line or tab length. The official way to do this is
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\l'\n[.l]u'</span></kbd>, which is annoying to type,
|
|
and doesn’t mean a whole heck of a lot if you’re new
|
|
to groff. The inline, <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd>, is a
|
|
simple replacement for <kbd><span class="nobr">\l'\n[.l]u'</span></kbd>. Use it
|
|
whenever you need a rule drawn to the full measure of the current
|
|
line or tab length, for example:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.LL 6P
|
|
\*[RULE]
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
The above draws a rule the full measure of the 6-pica line length.
|
|
For another way to draw full measure rules, see the macro
|
|
<a href="graphical.html#drh">DRH</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<kbd>\*[RULE]</kbd> must appear on an
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#inputline">input line</a>
|
|
by itself, and always causes a break when entered after a normal
|
|
input line of text. It does not, however, deposit a break when used
|
|
immediately after a macro.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The weight of the rule drawn with <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd>
|
|
is controlled with the macro
|
|
<a href="#rule-weight">RULE_WEIGHT</a>.
|
|
Mom’s default is 1/2 point.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd> draws the rule to the full measure,
|
|
hence it cannot be used to fill the remainder of a partial line with
|
|
a rule in this way:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
Signature__________________________________________
|
|
</span>
|
|
If you wish to accomplish this effect, you have to use
|
|
<kbd>\*[RULE]</kbd> in conjunction with the
|
|
<a href="goodies.html#pad">PAD</a>
|
|
macro and
|
|
<a href="typesetting.html#string-tabs">string tabs</a>.
|
|
(See the
|
|
<a href="goodies.html#pad-example">example</a>
|
|
provided with PAD.)
|
|
<a name="RULE_EXCEPTION"></a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Please also note that the inline escapes
|
|
<a href="#up"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UP]</span></kbd></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="#down"><kbd>\*[DOWN]</kbd></a>
|
|
cannot be used in conjunction with <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This <i>doesn’t</i> work:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\*[DOWN 2p]\*[RULE]\*[UP 2p]
|
|
</span>
|
|
whereas this does:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.ALD 2p
|
|
\*[RULE]
|
|
.RLD 2p
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="tip-bottom">
|
|
See groff’s
|
|
<a href="#inline-linedrawing-groff">Horizontal line drawing function</a>
|
|
for more information on drawing horizontal rules.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -RULE_WEIGHT- -->
|
|
|
|
<div id="rule-weight" class="box-macro-args">
|
|
Macro: <b>RULE_WEIGHT</b> <kbd><weight in points></kbd>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p class="requires">
|
|
• Must <span class="normal">not</span> have a
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
|
|
appended.
|
|
<br/>
|
|
Argument must be greater than 0 and less than 100; decimal
|
|
fractions are allowed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
RULE_WEIGHT allows you to tell mom how heavy (in other words, how
|
|
“thick”) you want the rules drawn with the inline
|
|
escape,
|
|
<a href="#inline-rule-mom"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd></a>.
|
|
It takes a single argument: the weight of the rule in
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>
|
|
<i>but without the</i>
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
|
|
<kbd>p</kbd> <i>attached</i>. Thus, to set the weight of rules
|
|
drawn with <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd> to 1-1/4 points,
|
|
you’d do
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.RULE_WEIGHT 1.25
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
RULE_WEIGHT also sets the weight of rules drawn
|
|
with
|
|
<a href="graphical.html#drh"><kbd>.DRH</kbd></a>
|
|
when DRH is not given any arguments.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_FONT_GROFF- -->
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="inlines-groff-top" class="macro-group">Commonly-used groff inline escapes</h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-fonts-groff" class="docs">Font control (<kbd style="text-transform: none">\f</kbd>)</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Groff’s basic mechanism for inline font control is the escape
|
|
<kbd>\f[<font>]</kbd>.
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\f[R] Change to the medium roman font (equivalent to mom's \*[ROM])
|
|
\f[I] Change to the medium italic font (equivalent to mom's \*[IT])
|
|
\f[B] Change to the bold roman font (equivalent to mom's \*[BD])
|
|
\f[BI] Change to the bold italic font (equivalent to mom's \*[BDI])
|
|
\f[P] Revert to the previous font (equivalent to mom's \*[PREV])
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<kbd>\f[<font>]</kbd> can be used with any valid
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#font">font style</a>
|
|
registered with groff. (See
|
|
<a href="appendices.html#style-extensions">here</a>
|
|
for a list of pre-registered font styles provided by mom).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<kbd>\f[<family><font>]</kbd> can also take a complete valid
|
|
family+font name combo. This is especially useful should you
|
|
need to change both family and font inline. For example, if your
|
|
prevailing family and font are Times Roman and you want a few words
|
|
in Courier Bold Italic, you could do this:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.FAM T
|
|
.FT R
|
|
The command \f[CBI]ls -l\f[P] gives a "long" directory listing.
|
|
</span>
|
|
The Unix command <kbd>ls -l</kbd> will appear in Courier Bold Italic
|
|
in a line that is otherwise in Times Roman.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_HORIZONTAL_GROFF- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-horizontal-groff" class="docs">Inline horizontal motions (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\h</kbd>)</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Whenever you need to move forward or backward on a line, use the
|
|
inline
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\h'<distance>'
|
|
</span>
|
|
In order to avoid unpleasant surprises, always append a
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
|
|
to <kbd><distance></kbd>. For example,
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\h'1.25i'
|
|
</span>
|
|
moves you 1.25 inches to the right (forward) of the horizontal
|
|
position on the current
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
<kbd>\h'<distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to a
|
|
<a href="#fwd"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[FWD n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
To move backwards by the same amount, do
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\h'-1.25i'
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip" style="margin-top: -1em;">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
<kbd>\h'-<distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to
|
|
<a href="#bck"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[BCK n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_VERTICAL_GROFF- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-vertical-groff" class="docs">Inline vertical motions (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\v</kbd>)</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you need to raise or lower type on a line (say, for sub- or
|
|
superscripts, or any other special effect), use
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\v'<distance>'
|
|
</span>
|
|
In order to avoid unpleasant surprises, always append a
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
|
|
to <kbd><distance></kbd>. For example,
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\v'.6m'
|
|
</span>
|
|
moves you (approx.) 2/3 of an
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#em">em</a>
|
|
downward on the current
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
<kbd>\v'<distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to
|
|
<a href="#down"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[DOWN n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<p style="margin-top: -.5em;">
|
|
To move upward an equivalent amount, do
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
\v'-.6m'
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip" style="margin-top: -1em;">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
<kbd>\v'<-distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to
|
|
<a href="#up"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UP n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-important">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="important">Important:</span>
|
|
The vertical motion of <kbd>\v</kbd> only affects type on the
|
|
current
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>.
|
|
When groff breaks the output line, the effect of
|
|
<kbd>\v</kbd> is cancelled; the baseline of the next output line
|
|
is where it would be if you hadn’t used <kbd>\v</kbd>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="tip">Tip:</span>
|
|
When using <kbd>\v</kbd> for occasional effects in a line,
|
|
don’t forget to reverse it when you’ve done what you
|
|
want to do. Otherwise, the remaining type will be set too high (if
|
|
you used <kbd>\v</kbd> with the minus sign) or too low (if you used
|
|
<kbd>\v</kbd> without the minus sign).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_STRINGWIDTH_GROFF- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-stringwidth-groff" class="docs">String width function (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\w</kbd>)</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In the context of mom, the string width inline
|
|
<kbd>\w'<string>'</kbd> primarily serves to let you establish the
|
|
horizontal measure of something (e.g. indents) based on the length
|
|
of a bit of text. For example, if you want a left indent the length
|
|
of the word “Examples:” plus a space, you can set it with
|
|
the <kbd>\w</kbd> inline escape:
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
.IL "\w'Examples: '"
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip" style="margin-top: -1em;">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
Whenever you pass <kbd>\w'string'</kbd>
|
|
to a macro that normally requires a
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>,
|
|
<i>do NOT add a unit of measure to the</i>
|
|
<kbd>\w'string'</kbd> <i>argument.</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="tip-bottom">
|
|
Furthermore, if the <kbd>\w</kbd> is used in place of a
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#numericargument">numeric argument</a>
|
|
to a macro and <kbd>string</kbd> is composed of several words
|
|
separated by spaces, you must surround the whole escape with double
|
|
quotes, as in the example above.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_LINEDRAWING_GROFF- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-linedrawing-groff" class="docs">Horizontal line drawing function (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\l</kbd>)</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <kbd>\l'distance'</kbd> inline allows you to draw a horizontal
|
|
rule of the specified distance. You must supply a
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>.
|
|
Therefore, to set a 3-pica rule into a line of text, you’d do
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
A line of text with a superfluous \l'3P' 3-pica rule in it.
|
|
</span>
|
|
<kbd>\l'3P'</kbd>, above, not only draws the rule, but advances 3
|
|
picas horizontally as well, just as you’d expect.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
For an easy way of drawing rules to the full measure of the current
|
|
line or tab length, see
|
|
<a href="#inline-rule-mom">Full measure rules</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The weight (thickness) of rules varies according to the point
|
|
size in effect when you invoke <kbd>\l</kbd>, but you can’t fix
|
|
the weight with any real precision. A point size of 12 produces
|
|
a tastefully moderate rule weight of between one-half and one
|
|
point (depending on your printer).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box-tip">
|
|
<p class="tip">
|
|
<span class="note">Note:</span>
|
|
Besides <kbd>\l</kbd>, <b>groff</b> provides a number of more
|
|
sophisticated “drawing” escapes. It is well beyond
|
|
the scope of this documentation to demonstrate their usage; see
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<span class="pre-in-pp">
|
|
info groff \\D
|
|
</span>
|
|
for directions concerning their use. The drawing escapes can be a
|
|
bit unwieldy, so mom provides “user-friendly” macros for
|
|
the
|
|
<a href="graphical.html#top">graphical objects</a>
|
|
most commonly encountered in typesetting: horizontal and vertical
|
|
rules, boxes, and circles (ellipses).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="tip-bottom">
|
|
Additionally, groff comes with two “preprocessors” that
|
|
let you create ruled tables and vector diagrams (line drawings):
|
|
<b>tbl</b> and <b>pic</b>. The documentation for <b>tbl</b> can be
|
|
downloaded from
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<a style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 2em; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/doc/76/tbl.ps.gz">http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/doc/76/tbl.ps.gz</a>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
and <b>pic</b> from
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<a style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 2em; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em" href="http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/gpic.raymond.ps">http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/gpic.raymond.ps</a>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
Both are powerful tools, but they can be nasty to learn—at
|
|
first, anyway. You may prefer to use a vector drawing program
|
|
to create diagrams and tables; inserting the results into a
|
|
document is easy enough with
|
|
<a href="images.html#pdf-image">PDF_IMAGE</a>
|
|
or
|
|
<a href="images.html#pspic">PSPIC</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- -INLINE_CHARACTERS_GROFF- -->
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="inline-characters-groff" class="docs">Special characters and symbols</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Here follows a short list of commonly-used special characters
|
|
available via inline escapes. If you’re not sure of the
|
|
meaning of some of these characters, consult the
|
|
<a href="definitions.html#top">Definitions of Terms</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
For a complete list of special characters and glyphs (i.e. just
|
|
about anything you’d ever want to appear on the printed
|
|
page, including mathematical symbols, accented characters, unusual
|
|
ligatures and letters unique to various European languages), consult
|
|
<kbd>man groff_char</kbd>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<span class="pre">
|
|
CHARACTER ESCAPE SEQUENCE
|
|
--------- ---------------
|
|
Comment line \# or .\"
|
|
Fixed-width space \<space>
|
|
Unbreakable space \~
|
|
Digit-width (figure) space \0
|
|
Zero-width character \&
|
|
Discretionary hyphen \%
|
|
Backslash \\ or \e
|
|
Plus/minus (arithmetic) \[+-]
|
|
Subtract (arithmetic) \[mi]
|
|
Multiply (arithmetic) \[mu]
|
|
Divide (arithmetic) \[di]
|
|
Em-dash \[em]
|
|
En-dash \[en]
|
|
Left double-quote \[lq]
|
|
Right double-quote \[rq]
|
|
Open (left) single-quote \[oq]
|
|
Close (right) single-quote \[cq]
|
|
Bullet \[bu]
|
|
Ballot box \[sq]
|
|
One-quarter \[14]
|
|
One-half \[12]
|
|
Three-quarters \[34]
|
|
Degree sign \[de]
|
|
Dagger \[dg]
|
|
Foot mark \[fm]
|
|
Cent sign \[ct]
|
|
Registered trademark \[rg]
|
|
Copyright \[co]
|
|
Section symbol \[sc]
|
|
</span>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
|
|
<div class="rule-long"><hr/></div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation links -->
|
|
<table style="width: 100%; margin-top: 12px;">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td style="width: 33%;"><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td>
|
|
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;"><a href="#top">Top</a></td>
|
|
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: right;"><a href="color.html#top">Next: Coloured text</a></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="bottom-spacer"><br/></div>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|