Added Cyg-Win

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Frank Harris 2026-06-06 18:46:40 -04:00
parent 82cbc206eb
commit 413c315806
10586 changed files with 3806249 additions and 0 deletions

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#
# Master author manifest for bash
#
# The files in lib/intl were taken from the GNU gettext distribution.
#
# Any files appearing in the bash distribution not listed in this file
# were created by Chet Ramey.
#
# Filename authors (first is original author)
#
README Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
INSTALL Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
COPYING Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
MANIFEST Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
configure Chet Ramey
Makefile.in Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
configure.in Chet Ramey
aclocal.m4 Chet Ramey
config.h.top Chet Ramey
config.h.bot Chet Ramey
config.h.in Chet Ramey
array.c Chet Ramey
print_cmd.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
general.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
variables.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
make_cmd.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
copy_cmd.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
unwind_prot.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
dispose_cmd.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
getcwd.c Roland McGrath, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
bashhist.c Chet Ramey
hash.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
parse.y Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
subst.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
shell.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
sig.c Chet Ramey
trap.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
siglist.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
version.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
flags.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
jobs.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
input.c Chet Ramey
mailcheck.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
pathexp.c Chet Ramey
test.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
expr.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
alias.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
execute_cmd.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
bashline.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
braces.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
bracecomp.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey, Tom Tromey
nojobs.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
vprint.c Chet Ramey
oslib.c Chet Ramey
error.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
xmalloc.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
alias.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
array.h Chet Ramey
builtins.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
parser.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
variables.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
machines.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
jobs.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
maxpath.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
pathexp.h Chet Ramey
mailcheck.h Chet Ramey
filecntl.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
hash.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
quit.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
flags.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
shell.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
bashjmp.h Chet Ramey
sig.h Chet Ramey
trap.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
general.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
unwind_prot.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
input.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
error.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
command.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
externs.h Chet Ramey
siglist.h Chet Ramey
subst.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
dispose_cmd.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
bashansi.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
make_cmd.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
bashhist.h Chet Ramey
bashline.h Chet Ramey
execute_cmd.h Chet Ramey
bashtypes.h Chet Ramey
bashtty.h Chet Ramey
pathnames.h Chet Ramey
y.tab.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
y.tab.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
parser-built Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
posixstat.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
stdc.h Chet Ramey
ansi_stdlib.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
memalloc.h Chet Ramey
builtins/ChangeLog Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/Makefile.in Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/alias.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/bind.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/break.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/builtin.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/caller.def Rocky Bernstein, Chet Ramey
builtins/cd.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/colon.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/command.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/common.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/declare.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/echo.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/enable.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/eval.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/exec.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/exit.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/fc.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/fg_bg.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/getopt.c Roland McGrath, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/getopt.h Roland McGrath, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/getopts.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/hash.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/hashcom.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/help.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/let.def Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
builtins/history.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/jobs.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/kill.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/mapfile.def Rocky Bernstein
builtins/mkbuiltins.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/pushd.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/read.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/reserved.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/return.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/set.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/setattr.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/shift.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/shopt.def Chet Ramey
builtins/source.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/suspend.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/test.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/times.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/trap.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/type.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/ulimit.def Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
builtins/umask.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/wait.def Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
builtins/psize.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
builtins/psize.sh Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
builtins/inlib.def Chet Ramey
builtins/bashgetopt.c Chet Ramey
builtins/common.h Chet Ramey
builtins/bashgetopt.h Chet Ramey
lib/doc-support/texindex.c bug-texinfo@prep.ai.mit.edu, Chet Ramey
lib/doc-support/Makefile.in Chet Ramey
lib/doc-support/getopt.h Roland McGrath
lib/doc-support/getopt.c Roland McGrath
lib/doc-support/getopt1.c Roland McGrath
lib/glob/ChangeLog Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/glob/Makefile.in Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/glob/strmatch.c Roland McGrath, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/glob/strmatch.h Roland McGrath, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/glob/glob.c Richard Stallman, Roland McGrath, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/glob/glob.h Chet Ramey
lib/glob/ndir.h Doug Gwyn, Richard Stallman
lib/glob/doc/Makefile.in Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/glob/doc/glob.texi Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/malloc/Makefile.in Chet Ramey
lib/malloc/alloca.c Doug Gwyn, Richard Stallman, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/malloc/getpagesize.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/malloc/malloc.c Chris Kingsley, Mike Muuss, Richard Stallman, Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/malloc/gmalloc.c Mike Haertel, Roland McGrath
lib/malloc/stub.c Chet Ramey
lib/malloc/i386-alloca.s Richard Stallman
lib/malloc/x386-alloca.s Chip Salzenberg, Richard Stallman
lib/malloc/xmalloc.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/posixheaders/posixstat.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/posixheaders/ansi_stdlib.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/posixheaders/stdc.h Chet Ramey
lib/posixheaders/memalloc.h Chet Ramey
lib/posixheaders/filecntl.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/Makefile.in Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/COPYING Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/ChangeLog Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/readline.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/vi_mode.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/emacs_keymap.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/vi_keymap.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/funmap.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/keymaps.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/xmalloc.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/search.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/isearch.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/parens.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/rltty.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/complete.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/bind.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/display.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/signals.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/kill.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/undo.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/input.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/macro.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/util.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/callback.c Chet Ramey
lib/readline/readline.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/chardefs.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/keymaps.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/rldefs.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/posixstat.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/ansi_stdlib.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/memalloc.h Chet Ramey
lib/readline/rlconf.h Chet Ramey
lib/readline/rltty.h Chet Ramey
lib/readline/history.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/histexpand.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/histfile.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/histsearch.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/history.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/histlib.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/tilde.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/tilde.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/texindex.c bug-texinfo@prep.ai.mit.edu, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/Makefile Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/rlman.texinfo Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/hist.texinfo Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/hstech.texinfo Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texinfo Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/examples/Makefile Brian Fox
lib/readline/examples/fileman.c Brian Fox
lib/readline/examples/manexamp.c Brian Fox
lib/readline/examples/histexamp.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/examples/rltest.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/readline/examples/Inputrc Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/termcap/Makefile.in David MacKenzie, Chet Ramey
lib/termcap/termcap.c David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/termcap.h David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/tparam.c David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/version.c David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/termcap.info David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/termcap.info-1 David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/termcap.info-2 David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/termcap.info-3 David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/termcap.info-4 David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/NEWS David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/INSTALL David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/ChangeLog David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/texinfo.tex David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/termcap.texi David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/Makefile.in David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/configure David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/configure.in David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/COPYING David MacKenzie
lib/termcap/grot/README David MacKenzie
lib/tilde/ChangeLog Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/tilde/Makefile.in Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/tilde/doc/tilde.texi Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/tilde/doc/Makefile Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/tilde/tilde.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/tilde/tilde.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
lib/tilde/memalloc.h Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
CWRU/misc/open-files.c Chet Ramey
CWRU/misc/sigs.c Chet Ramey
CWRU/misc/pid.c Chet Ramey
CWRU/misc/sigstat.c Chet Ramey
CWRU/misc/bison Chet Ramey
CWRU/misc/aux-machine-desc Chet Ramey
CWRU/PLATFORMS Chet Ramey
CWRU/README Chet Ramey
CWRU/CWRU.CHANGES.051093 Chet Ramey
CWRU/POSIX.NOTES Chet Ramey
CWRU/CWRU.CHANGES.071193 Chet Ramey
CWRU/CWRU.CHANGES.090393 Chet Ramey
doc/Makefile.in Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
doc/bash.1 Chet Ramey
doc/builtins.1 Chet Ramey
doc/bash.ps Chet Ramey
doc/bash.txt Chet Ramey
doc/readline.3 Chet Ramey
doc/readline.ps Chet Ramey
doc/readline.txt Chet Ramey
doc/texinfo.tex Richard Stallman
doc/features.texi Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
doc/features.ps Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
doc/features.info Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
doc/features.dvi Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
doc/bash_builtins.1 Chet Ramey
doc/bash_builtins.ps Chet Ramey
doc/bash_builtins.txt Chet Ramey
doc/bash_builtins.readme Chet Ramey
doc/article.ms Chet Ramey
doc/FAQ Chet Ramey
support/cat-s Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
support/mksysdefs Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
support/mkversion.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
support/mksignames.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
support/getcppsyms.c Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
support/cppmagic Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
support/pagesize.sh Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
support/pagesize.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
support/bash.xbm Brian Fox
support/FAQ Brian Fox
support/PORTING Brian Fox
support/mklinks Brian Fox
support/fixlinks Chet Ramey
support/mkdirs Chet Ramey
support/clone-bash Chet Ramey
support/bashbug.sh Chet Ramey
support/mkmachtype Chet Ramey
support/recho.c Chet Ramey
support/config.guess Per Bothner, Chet Ramey
support/config.sub Richard Stallman, Chet Ramey
support/install.sh MIT X Consortium (X11R5)
support/endian.c Chet Ramey
support/printenv Chet Ramey
examples/precedence-tester Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
examples/functions/substr Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
examples/functions/kshenv Chet Ramey
examples/functions/autoload Chet Ramey
examples/functions/csh-compat Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
examples/functions/shcat Chet Ramey
examples/functions/substr2 Chet Ramey
examples/functions/term Chet Ramey
examples/functions/whatis Chet Ramey
examples/functions/whence Chet Ramey
examples/functions/func Chet Ramey
examples/functions/dirname Brian Fox, Noah Friedman
examples/functions/basename Brian Fox, Noah Friedman
examples/functions/exitstat Noah Friedman, Roland McGrath
examples/functions/external Noah Friedman
examples/functions/fact Brian Fox
examples/functions/manpage Tom Tromey
examples/functions/fstty Chet Ramey
examples/functions/jj.bash Chet Ramey
examples/functions/notify.bash Chet Ramey
examples/loadables/getconf.c J.T. Conklin
examples/scripts/shprompt Chet Ramey
examples/scripts/adventure.sh Chet Ramey, Doug Gwyn
examples/scripts/bcsh.sh Chris Robertson, Chet Ramey
examples/startup-files/Bashrc Brian Fox
examples/startup-files/Bash_aliases Brian Fox
examples/startup-files/Bash_profile Brian Fox
examples/startup-files/bash-profile Brian Fox
examples/startup-files/bashrc Chet Ramey
examples/suncmd.termcap Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
examples/alias-conv.sh Brian Fox, Chet Ramey
tests/README Chet Ramey
tests/arith.tests Chet Ramey
tests/arith.right Chet Ramey
tests/array.tests Chet Ramey
tests/array.right Chet Ramey
tests/dollar-at.sh Chet Ramey
tests/dollar-star.sh Chet Ramey
tests/dollar.right Chet Ramey
tests/exp-tests Chet Ramey
tests/exp.right Chet Ramey
tests/glob-test Chet Ramey
tests/glob.right Chet Ramey
tests/ifs-test-1.sh Chet Ramey
tests/ifs-test-2.sh Chet Ramey
tests/ifs-test-3.sh Chet Ramey
tests/ifs.1.right Chet Ramey
tests/ifs.2.right Chet Ramey
tests/ifs.3.right Chet Ramey
tests/input-line.sh Chet Ramey
tests/input-line.sub Chet Ramey
tests/input.right Chet Ramey
tests/minus-e Chet Ramey
tests/minus-e.right Chet Ramey
tests/new-exp.tests Chet Ramey
tests/new-exp.right Chet Ramey
tests/prec.right Chet Ramey
tests/precedence Chet Ramey
tests/run-all Chet Ramey
tests/run-dollars Chet Ramey
tests/run-exp-tests Chet Ramey
tests/run-glob-test Chet Ramey
tests/run-ifs-tests Chet Ramey
tests/run-input-test Chet Ramey
tests/run-minus-e Chet Ramey
tests/run-new-exp Chet Ramey
tests/run-precedence Chet Ramey
tests/run-set-e-test Chet Ramey
tests/run-strip Chet Ramey
tests/run-varenv Chet Ramey
tests/set-e-test Chet Ramey
tests/set-e.right Chet Ramey
tests/strip.tests Chet Ramey
tests/strip.right Chet Ramey
tests/tilde-tests Chet Ramey
tests/tilde.right Chet Ramey
tests/unicode1.sub Chet Ramey, John Kearney
tests/varenv.right Chet Ramey
tests/varenv.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/chld-trap.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/dot-test-1.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/dot-test-1.sub Chet Ramey
tests/misc/gotest Chet Ramey
tests/misc/perf-script Chet Ramey
tests/misc/redir.t1.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/redir.t2.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/redir.t3.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/redir.t3.sub Chet Ramey
tests/misc/redir.t4.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/run.r1.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/run.r2.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/run.r3.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/sigint.t1.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/sigint.t2.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/sigint.t3.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/sigint.t4.sh Chet Ramey
tests/misc/test-minus-e.1 Chet Ramey
tests/misc/test-minus-e.2 Chet Ramey
lib/sh/Makefile.in Chet Ramey
lib/sh/clktck.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/clock.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/fmtullong.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/fmtulong.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/getcwd.c Chet Ramey, Roland McGrath
lib/sh/getenv.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
lib/sh/inet_aton.c Chet Ramey, Ulrich Drepper, Paul Vixie
lib/sh/itos.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/mailstat.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/makepath.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/mktime.c Chet Ramey, Paul Eggert
lib/sh/netconn.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/netopen.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/oslib.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
lib/sh/pathcanon.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/pathphys.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/rename.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/setlinebuf.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
lib/sh/shquote.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/shtty.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/snprintf.c Chet Ramey, Unknown
lib/sh/spell.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/strcasecmp.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
lib/sh/strerror.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
lib/sh/strftime.c Arnold Robbins
lib/sh/strindex.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/stringlist.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/stringvec.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/strpbrk.c Roland McGrath
lib/sh/strtod.c Chet Ramey, Roland McGrath
lib/sh/strtoimax.c Chet Ramey, Paul Eggert
lib/sh/strtol.c Chet Ramey, Paul Eggert
lib/sh/strtoll.c Chet Ramey, Paul Eggert
lib/sh/strtoul.c Chet Ramey, Paul Eggert
lib/sh/strtoull.c Chet Ramey, Paul Eggert
lib/sh/strtoumax.c Chet Ramey, Paul Eggert
lib/sh/strtrans.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/times.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
lib/sh/timeval.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/tmpfile.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/vprint.c Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
lib/sh/xstrchr.c Chet Ramey, Mitsuru Chinen
lib/sh/zread.c Chet Ramey
lib/sh/zwrite.c Chet Ramey
tests/posix-ifs.sh Glenn Fowler
support/checkbashisms Julian Gilbey, Debian Linux team
lib/readline/colors.c Richard Stallman, David MacKenzie
lib/readline/parse-colors.c Richard Stallman, David MacKenzie

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Compatibility with previous versions
====================================
This document details the incompatibilities between this version of bash,
bash-5.2, and the previous widely-available versions, bash-3.2 (which is
still the `standard' version for Mac OS X), 4.2/4.3 (which are still
standard on a few Linux distributions), and bash-4.4/bash-5.0/bash-5.1,
the current widely-available versions. These were discovered by users of
bash-2.x through 5.x, so this list is not comprehensive. Some of these
incompatibilities occur between the current version and versions 2.0 and
above.
1. Bash uses a new quoting syntax, $"...", to do locale-specific
string translation. Users who have relied on the (undocumented)
behavior of bash-1.14 will have to change their scripts. For
instance, if you are doing something like this to get the value of
a variable whose name is the value of a second variable:
eval var2=$"$var1"
you will have to change to a different syntax.
This capability is directly supported by bash-2.0:
var2=${!var1}
This alternate syntax will work portably between bash-1.14 and bash-2.0:
eval var2=\$${var1}
2. One of the bugs fixed in the YACC grammar tightens up the rules
concerning group commands ( {...} ). The `list' that composes the
body of the group command must be terminated by a newline or
semicolon. That's because the braces are reserved words, and are
recognized as such only when a reserved word is legal. This means
that while bash-1.14 accepted shell function definitions like this:
foo() { : }
bash-2.0 requires this:
foo() { :; }
This is also an issue for commands like this:
mkdir dir || { echo 'could not mkdir' ; exit 1; }
The syntax required by bash-2.0 is also accepted by bash-1.14.
3. The options to `bind' have changed to make them more consistent with
the rest of the bash builtins. If you are using `bind -d' to list
the readline key bindings in a form that can be re-read, use `bind -p'
instead. If you were using `bind -v' to list the key bindings, use
`bind -P' instead.
4. The `long' invocation options must now be prefixed by `--' instead
of `-'. (The old form is still accepted, for the time being.)
5. There was a bug in the version of readline distributed with bash-1.14
that caused it to write badly-formatted key bindings when using
`bind -d'. The only key sequences that were affected are C-\ (which
should appear as \C-\\ in a key binding) and C-" (which should appear
as \C-\"). If these key sequences appear in your inputrc, as, for
example,
"\C-\": self-insert
they will need to be changed to something like the following:
"\C-\\": self-insert
6. A number of people complained about having to use ESC to terminate an
incremental search, and asked for an alternate mechanism. Bash-2.03
uses the value of the settable readline variable `isearch-terminators'
to decide which characters should terminate an incremental search. If
that variable has not been set, ESC and Control-J will terminate a
search.
7. Some variables have been removed: MAIL_WARNING, notify, history_control,
command_oriented_history, glob_dot_filenames, allow_null_glob_expansion,
nolinks, hostname_completion_file, noclobber, no_exit_on_failed_exec, and
cdable_vars. Most of them are now implemented with the new `shopt'
builtin; others were already implemented by `set'. Here is a list of
correspondences:
MAIL_WARNING shopt mailwarn
notify set -o notify
history_control HISTCONTROL
command_oriented_history shopt cmdhist
glob_dot_filenames shopt dotglob
allow_null_glob_expansion shopt nullglob
nolinks set -o physical
hostname_completion_file HOSTFILE
noclobber set -o noclobber
no_exit_on_failed_exec shopt execfail
cdable_vars shopt cdable_vars
8. `ulimit' now sets both hard and soft limits and reports the soft limit
by default (when neither -H nor -S is specified). This is compatible
with versions of sh and ksh that implement `ulimit'. The bash-1.14
behavior of, for example,
ulimit -c 0
can be obtained with
ulimit -S -c 0
It may be useful to define an alias:
alias ulimit="ulimit -S"
9. Bash-2.01 uses a new quoting syntax, $'...' to do ANSI-C string
translation. Backslash-escaped characters in ... are expanded and
replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard.
10. The sourcing of startup files has changed somewhat. This is explained
more completely in the INVOCATION section of the manual page.
A non-interactive shell not named `sh' and not in posix mode reads
and executes commands from the file named by $BASH_ENV. A
non-interactive shell started by `su' and not in posix mode will read
startup files. No other non-interactive shells read any startup files.
An interactive shell started in posix mode reads and executes commands
from the file named by $ENV.
11. The <> redirection operator was changed to conform to the POSIX.2 spec.
In the absence of any file descriptor specification preceding the `<>',
file descriptor 0 is used. In bash-1.14, this was the behavior only
when in POSIX mode. The bash-1.14 behavior may be obtained with
<>filename 1>&0
12. The `alias' builtin now checks for invalid options and takes a `-p'
option to display output in POSIX mode. If you have old aliases beginning
with `-' or `+', you will have to add the `--' to the alias command
that declares them:
alias -x='chmod a-x' --> alias -- -x='chmod a-x'
13. The behavior of range specificiers within bracket matching expressions
in the pattern matcher (e.g., [A-Z]) depends on the current locale,
specifically the value of the LC_COLLATE environment variable. Setting
this variable to C or POSIX will result in the traditional ASCII behavior
for range comparisons. If the locale is set to something else, e.g.,
en_US (specified by the LANG or LC_ALL variables), collation order is
locale-dependent. For example, the en_US locale sorts the upper and
lower case letters like this:
AaBb...Zz
so a range specification like [A-Z] will match every letter except `z'.
Other locales collate like
aAbBcC...zZ
which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `a'.
The portable way to specify upper case letters is [:upper:] instead of
A-Z; lower case may be specified as [:lower:] instead of a-z.
Look at the manual pages for setlocale(3), strcoll(3), and, if it is
present, locale(1).
You can find your current locale information by running locale(1):
caleb.ins.cwru.edu(2)$ locale
LANG=en_US
LC_CTYPE="en_US"
LC_NUMERIC="en_US"
LC_TIME="en_US"
LC_COLLATE="en_US"
LC_MONETARY="en_US"
LC_MESSAGES="en_US"
LC_ALL=en_US
My advice is to put
export LC_COLLATE=C
into /etc/profile and inspect any shell scripts run from cron for
constructs like [A-Z]. This will prevent things like
rm [A-Z]*
from removing every file in the current directory except those beginning
with `z' and still allow individual users to change the collation order.
Users may put the above command into their own profiles as well, of course.
14. Bash versions up to 1.14.7 included an undocumented `-l' operator to
the `test/[' builtin. It was a unary operator that expanded to the
length of its string argument. This let you do things like
test -l $variable -lt 20
for example.
This was included for backwards compatibility with old versions of the
Bourne shell, which did not provide an easy way to obtain the length of
the value of a shell variable.
This operator is not part of the POSIX standard, because one can (and
should) use ${#variable} to get the length of a variable's value.
Bash-2.x does not support it.
15. Bash no longer auto-exports the HOME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, HOSTNAME,
HOSTTYPE, MACHTYPE, or OSTYPE variables. If they appear in the initial
environment, the export attribute will be set, but if bash provides a
default value, they will remain local to the current shell.
16. Bash no longer initializes the FUNCNAME, GROUPS, or DIRSTACK variables
to have special behavior if they appear in the initial environment.
17. Bash no longer removes the export attribute from the SSH_CLIENT or
SSH2_CLIENT variables, and no longer attempts to discover whether or
not it has been invoked by sshd in order to run the startup files.
18. Bash no longer requires that the body of a function be a group command;
any compound command is accepted.
19. As of bash-3.0, the pattern substitution operators no longer perform
quote removal on the pattern before attempting the match. This is the
way the pattern removal functions behave, and is more consistent.
20. After bash-3.0 was released, I reimplemented tilde expansion, incorporating
it into the mainline word expansion code. This fixes the bug that caused
the results of tilde expansion to be re-expanded. There is one
incompatibility: a ${paramOPword} expansion within double quotes will not
perform tilde expansion on WORD. This is consistent with the other
expansions, and what POSIX specifies.
21. A number of variables have the integer attribute by default, so the +=
assignment operator returns expected results: RANDOM, LINENO, MAILCHECK,
HISTCMD, OPTIND.
22. Bash-3.x is much stricter about $LINENO correctly reflecting the line
number in a script; assignments to LINENO have little effect.
23. By default, readline binds the terminal special characters to their
readline equivalents. As of bash-3.1/readline-5.1, this is optional and
controlled by the bind-tty-special-chars readline variable.
24. The \W prompt string expansion abbreviates $HOME as `~'. The previous
behavior is available with ${PWD##/*/}.
25. The arithmetic exponentiation operator is right-associative as of bash-3.1.
26. The rules concerning valid alias names are stricter, as per POSIX.2.
27. The Readline key binding functions now obey the convert-meta setting active
when the binding takes place, as the dispatch code does when characters
are read and processed.
28. The historical behavior of `trap' reverting signal disposition to the
original handling in the absence of a valid first argument is implemented
only if the first argument is a valid signal number.
29. In versions of bash after 3.1, the ${parameter//pattern/replacement}
expansion does not interpret `%' or `#' specially. Those anchors don't
have any real meaning when replacing every match.
30. Beginning with bash-3.1, the combination of posix mode and enabling the
`xpg_echo' option causes echo to ignore all options, not looking for `-n'
31. Beginning with bash-3.2, bash follows the Bourne-shell-style (and POSIX-
style) rules for parsing the contents of old-style backquoted command
substitutions. Previous versions of bash attempted to recursively parse
embedded quoted strings and shell constructs; bash-3.2 uses strict POSIX
rules to find the closing backquote and simply passes the contents of the
command substitution to a subshell for parsing and execution.
32. Beginning with bash-3.2, bash uses access(2) when executing primaries for
the test builtin and the [[ compound command, rather than looking at the
file permission bits obtained with stat(2). This obeys restrictions of
the file system (e.g., read-only or noexec mounts) not available via stat.
33. Bash-3.2 adopts the convention used by other string and pattern matching
operators for the `[[' compound command, and matches any quoted portion
of the right-hand-side argument to the =~ operator as a string rather
than a regular expression.
34. Bash-4.0 allows the behavior in the previous item to be modified using
the notion of a shell `compatibility level'. If the compat31 shopt
option is set, quoting the pattern has no special effect.
35. Bash-3.2 (patched) and Bash-4.0 fix a bug that leaves the shell in an
inconsistent internal state following an assignment error. One of the
changes means that compound commands or { ... } grouping commands are
aborted under some circumstances in which they previously were not.
This is what Posix specifies.
36. Bash-4.0 now allows process substitution constructs to pass unchanged
through brace expansion, so any expansion of the contents will have to be
separately specified, and each process substitution will have to be
separately entered.
37. Bash-4.0 now allows SIGCHLD to interrupt the wait builtin, as Posix
specifies, so the SIGCHLD trap is no longer always invoked once per
exiting child if you are using `wait' to wait for all children. As
of bash-4.2, this is the status quo only when in posix mode.
38. Since bash-4.0 now follows Posix rules for finding the closing delimiter
of a $() command substitution, it will not behave as previous versions
did, but will catch more syntax and parsing errors before spawning a
subshell to evaluate the command substitution.
39. The programmable completion code uses the same set of delimiting characters
as readline when breaking the command line into words, rather than the
set of shell metacharacters, so programmable completion and readline
should be more consistent.
40. When the read builtin times out, it attempts to assign any input read to
specified variables, which also causes variables to be set to the empty
string if there is not enough input. Previous versions discarded the
characters read.
41. Beginning with bash-4.0, when one of the commands in a pipeline is killed
by a SIGINT while executing a command list, the shell acts as if it
received the interrupt. This can be disabled by setting the compat31 or
compat32 shell options.
42. Bash-4.0 changes the handling of the set -e option so that the shell exits
if a pipeline fails (and not just if the last command in the failing
pipeline is a simple command). This is not as Posix specifies. There is
work underway to update this portion of the standard; the bash-4.0
behavior attempts to capture the consensus at the time of release.
43. Bash-4.0 fixes a Posix mode bug that caused the . (source) builtin to
search the current directory for its filename argument, even if "." is
not in $PATH. Posix says that the shell shouldn't look in $PWD in this
case.
44. Bash-4.1 uses the current locale when comparing strings using the < and
> operators to the `[[' command. This can be reverted to the previous
behavior (ASCII collating and strcmp(3)) by setting one of the
`compatNN' shopt options, where NN is less than 41.
45. Bash-4.1 conforms to the current Posix specification for `set -u':
expansions of $@ and $* when there are no positional parameters do not
cause the shell to exit.
46. Bash-4.1 implements the current Posix specification for `set -e' and
exits when any command fails, not just a simple command or pipeline.
47. Command substitutions now remove the caller's trap strings when trap is
run to set a new trap in the subshell. Previous to bash-4.2, the old
trap strings persisted even though the actual signal handlers were reset.
48. When in Posix mode, a single quote is not treated specially in a
double-quoted ${...} expansion, unless the expansion operator is
# or % or the new `//', `^', or `,' expansions. In particular, it
does not define a new quoting context. This is from Posix interpretation
221.
49. Posix mode shells no longer exit if a variable assignment error occurs
with an assignment preceding a command that is not a special builtin.
50. Bash-4.2 attempts to preserve what the user typed when performing word
completion, instead of, for instance, expanding shell variable
references to their value.
51. When in Posix mode, bash-4.2 exits if the filename supplied as an argument
to `.' is not found and the shell is not interactive.
52. When compiled for strict Posix compatibility, bash-4.3 does not enable
history expansion by default in interactive shells, since it results in
a non-conforming environment.
53. Bash-4.3 runs the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
expansion through quote removal. The code already treats quote
characters in the replacement string as special; if it treats them as
special, then quote removal should remove them.
54. Bash-4.4 no longer considers a reference to ${a[@]} or ${a[*]}, where `a'
is an array without any elements set, to be a reference to an unset
variable. This means that such a reference will not cause the shell to
exit when the `-u' option is enabled.
55. Bash-4.4 allows double quotes to quote the history expansion character (!)
when in Posix mode, since Posix specifies the effects of double quotes.
56. Bash-4.4 does not inherit $PS4 from the environment if running as root.
57. Bash-4.4 doesn't allow a `break' or `continue' in a function to affect
loop execution in the calling context.
58. Bash-4.4 no longer expands tildes in $PATH elements when in Posix mode.
59. Bash-4.4 does not attempt to perform a compound array assignment if an
argument to `declare' or a similar builtin expands to a word that looks
like a compound array assignment (e.g. declare w=$x where x='(foo)').
60. Bash-5.0 only sets up BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC at startup if extended
debugging mode is active. The old behavior of unconditionally setting
BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV is available at compatibility levels less than
or equal to 44.
61. Bash-5.0 doesn't allow a `break' or `continue' in a subshell to attempt
to break or continue loop execution inherited from the calling context.
62. Bash-5.0 doesn't allow variable assignments preceding builtins like
export and readonly to modify variables with the same name in preceding
contexts (including the global context) unless the shell is in posix
mode, since export and readonly are special builtins.
63. Bash-5.1 changes the way posix-mode shells handle assignment statements
preceding shell function calls. Previous versions of POSIX specified that
such assignments would persist after the function returned; subsequent
versions of the standard removed that requirement (interpretation #654).
Bash-5.1 posix mode assignment statements preceding shell function calls
do not persist after the function returns.
64. Bash-5.1 reverts to the bash-4.4 treatment of pathname expansion of words
containing backslashes but no other special globbing characters. This comes
after a protracted discussion and a POSIX interpretation (#1234).
65. In bash-5.1, disabling posix mode attempts to restore the state of several
options that posix mode modifies to the state they had before enabling
posix mode. Previous versions restored these options to default values.
66. Bash-5.2 attempts to prevent double-expansion of array subscripts under
certain circumstances, especially arithmetic evaluation, by acting as if
the `assoc_expand_once' shell option were set.
67. The `unset' builtin in bash-5.2 treats array subscripts `@' and `*'
differently than previous versions, and differently depending on whether
the array is indexed or associative.
Shell Compatibility Level
=========================
Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a `shell compatibility level', specified
as a set of options to the shopt builtin (compat31, compat32, compat40,
compat41, and so on). There is only one current compatibility level --
each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is intended to
allow users to select behavior from previous versions that is incompatible
with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use current features and
behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution.
This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular
version (e.g., setting compat32 means that quoting the rhs of the regexp
matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, which is
default behavior in bash-3.2 and above).
If a user enables, say, compat32, it may affect the behavior of other
compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level.
The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed in
that version of bash, but that behavior may have been present in earlier
versions. For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with
the `[[' command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based
comparisons, so enabling compat32 will enable ASCII-based comparisons as
well. That granularity may not be sufficient for all uses, and as a result
users should employ compatibility levels carefully. Read the documentation
for a particular feature to find out the current behavior.
Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BASH_COMPAT. The value assigned
to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer
corresponding to the compatNN option, like 42) determines the compatibility
level.
Starting with bash-4.4, bash has begun deprecating older compatibility
levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of the
BASH_COMPAT variable.
Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual shopt
option for the previous version. Users should use the BASH_COMPAT variable
on bash-5.0 and later versions.
The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The `compatNN' tag is used as shorthand for
setting the compatibility level to NN using one of the following
mechanisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
set using the corresponding compatNN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and later
versions, the BASH_COMPAT variable is preferred, and it is required for
bash-5.1 and later versions.
compat31
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering
- quoting the rhs of the [[ command's regexp matching operator (=~)
has no special effect
compat32
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering
- interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution
of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and later versions,
the shell acts as if it received the interrupt, so interrupting
one command in a list aborts the execution of the entire list)
compat40
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering.
Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and
strcoll(3).
compat41
- in posix mode, `time' may be followed by options and still be
recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation 267)
- in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single
quotes occur in the `word' portion of a double-quoted ${...}
parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters
within the single quotes are considered quoted (this is POSIX
interpretation 221)
compat42
- the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution is not
run through quote removal, as it is in versions after bash-4.2
- in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding
the `word' portion of a double-quoted ${...} parameter expansion
and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character
(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); in later versions,
single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions
compat43
- the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to
use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare
(declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions warn that this usage is
deprecated.
- word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the
current command to fail, even in posix mode (the default behavior is
to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit)
- when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.)
is not reset, so `break' or `continue' in that function will break
or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset
the loop state to prevent this
compat44
- the shell sets up the values used by BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC so
they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even if extended
debug mode is not enabled
- a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so `break'
or `continue' will cause the subshell to exit. Bash-5.0 and later
reset the loop state to prevent the exit
- variable assignments preceding builtins like export and readonly
that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same
name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix
mode
compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)
- Bash-5.1 changed the way $RANDOM is generated to introduce slightly
more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or
lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions,
so seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to
RANDOM will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0
- If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior to bash-5.1
printed an informational message to that effect even when writing
output in a format that can be reused as input (-l). Bash-5.1
suppresses that message if -l is supplied
- Bash-5.1 and later use pipes for here-documents and here-strings if
they are smaller than the pipe capacity. If the shell compatibility
level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to using temporary files.
compat51 (set using BASH_COMPAT)
- The `unset' builtin will unset the array a given an argument like
`a[@]'. Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key `@' (associative
arrays) or remove all the elements without unsetting the array
(indexed arrays)
- arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic
for statement can be expanded more than once
- expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the [[
conditional command can be expanded more than once
- indexed and associative array subscripts used as arguments to the
operators in the [[ conditional command (e.g., `[[ -v') can be
expanded more than once. Bash-5.2 behaves as if the
`assoc_expand_once' option were enabled.
- the expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be
expanded more than once
- the expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded
more than once
- arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be
expanded more than once;
- `test -v', when given an argument of A[@], where A is an existing
associative array, will return true if the array has any set
elements. Bash-5.2 will look for a key named `@';
- the ${param[:]=value} word expansion will return VALUE, before any
variable-specific transformations have been performed (e.g.,
converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return the final value
assigned to the variable, as POSIX specifies;
- Parsing command substitutions will act as if extended glob is
enabled, so that parsing a command substitution containing an extglob
pattern (say, as part of a shell function) will not fail. This
assumes the intent is to enable extglob before the command is
executed and word expansions are performed. It will fail at word
expansion time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the
command is executed.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is,
without any warranty.

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@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
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The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
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copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
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rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
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of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you
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for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction
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Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10
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3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article
11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or
similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such
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When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention
is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to
the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's
users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of
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4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
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You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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it, and giving a relevant date.
b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
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d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
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work need not make them do so.
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
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and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,
in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
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used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users
beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work
in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
parts of the aggregate.
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
in one of these ways:
a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
customarily used for software interchange.
b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
with subsection 6b.
d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
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Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to
copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)
that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
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available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.
e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
charge under subsection 6d.
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be
included in conveying the object code work.
A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation
into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product,
doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a
typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status
of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user
actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product
is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial
commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
the only significant mode of use of the product.
"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from
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code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
modification has been made.
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
been installed in ROM).
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
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Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
source code form), and must require no special password or key for
unpacking, reading or copying.
7. Additional Terms.
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
this License without regard to the additional permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
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author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
Notices displayed by works containing it; or
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All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
governed by this License along with a term that is a further
restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
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of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
not survive such relicensing or conveying.
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
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where to find the applicable terms.
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
the above requirements apply either way.
8. Termination.
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
paragraph of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
material under section 10.
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
11. Patents.
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
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make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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BASH - The Bourne-Again Shell
Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, that will appear
in the GNU operating system. Bash is an sh-compatible shell that
incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell
(csh). It is intended to conform to the IEEE POSIX P1003.2/ISO 9945.2
Shell and Tools standard. It offers functional improvements over sh
for both programming and interactive use. In addition, most sh scripts
can be run by Bash without modification.
Bash is quite portable. It uses a configuration system that discovers
characteristics of the compilation platform at build time, and may
therefore be built on nearly every version of UNIX. Ports to
UNIX-like systems such as QNX and Minix and to non-UNIX systems such
as OS/2, Windows 95, and Windows NT are available.
Bash includes the following features:
Editing and Completion
Bash offers a command-line editing facility which permits users to
edit command lines using familiar emacs or vi-style editing commands.
Editing allows corrections to be made without having to erase back
to the point of error or start the command line anew. The editing
facilities include a feature that allows users to complete command and
file names.
The Bash line editing library is fully customizable. Users may define
their own key bindings -- the action taken when a key is pressed. A
number of variables to fine-tune editing behavior are also available.
History and Command Re-entry
The Bash history feature remembers commands entered to the shell and
allows them to be recalled and re-executed. The history list may be
of unlimited size. Bash allows users to search for previous commands
and reuse portions of those commands when composing new ones. The
history list may be saved across shell sessions.
Bash allows users to control which commands are saved on the history
list.
Job Control
On systems that support it, Bash provides an interface to the
operating system's job control facilities, which allow processes
to be suspended and restarted, and moved between the foreground
and background. Bash allows users to selectively `forget' about
background jobs.
Shell Functions and Aliases
These mechanisms are available to bind a user-selected identifier to a
list of commands that will be executed when the identifier is used as
a command name. Functions allow local variables and recursion, and
have access to the environment of the calling shell. Aliases may be
used to create a mnemonic for a command name, expand a single word to
a complex command, or ensure that a command is called with a basic set
of options.
Arrays
Bash-2.0 supports indexed arrays of unlimited size. The subscript for
an array is an arithmetic expression. Arrays may be assigned to with
a new compound assignment syntax, and several builtins have options to
operate on array variables. Bash includes a number of built-in array
variables.
Arithmetic
Bash allows users to perform integer arithmetic in any base from two
to sixty-four. Nearly all of the C language arithmetic operators are
available with the same syntax and precedence as in C. Arithmetic
expansion allows an arithmetic expression to be evaluated and the
result substituted into the command line. Shell variables can be used
as operands, and the value of an expression may be assigned to a
variable.
An arithmetic expression may be used as a command; the exit status of
the command is the value of the expression.
ANSI-C Quoting
There is a new quoting syntax that allows backslash-escaped characters
in strings to be expanded according to the ANSI C standard.
Tilde Expansion
Users' home directories may be expanded using this feature. Words
beginning with a tilde may also be expanded to the current or previous
working directory.
Brace Expansion
Brace expansion is a convenient way to generate a list of strings that
share a common prefix or suffix.
Substring Capabilities
Bash allows new strings to be created by removing leading or trailing
substrings from existing variable values, or by specifying a starting
offset and length. Portions of variable values may be matched against
shell patterns and the matching portion removed or a new value
substituted.
Indirect Variable Expansion
Bash makes it easy to find the value of a shell variable whose name is
the value of another variable.
Expanded I/O Capabilities
Bash provides several input and output features not available in sh,
including the ability to:
o specify a file or file descriptor for both input and output
o read from or write to asynchronous processes using named pipes
o read lines ending in backslash
o display a prompt on the terminal before a read
o format menus and interpret responses to them
o echo lines exactly as input without escape processing
Control of Builtin Commands
Bash implements several builtin commands to give users more control
over which commands are executed. The enable builtin allows other
builtin commands to be selectively enabled or disabled. The command
and builtin builtins change the order in which the shell searches for
commands.
On systems that provide dynamic loading, new builtins may be loaded
into a running shell from a shared object file. These new builtins
have access to all of the shell facilities.
Help
Bash includes a built-in help facility.
Shell Optional Behavior
There is a great deal of customizable shell behavior. The shopt
builtin command provides a unified interface that allows users to
alter shell defaults.
Prompt Customization
Bash allows the primary and secondary prompts to be customized by
interpreting a number of backslash-escaped special characters.
Parameter and variable expansion is also performed on the values of
the primary and secondary prompt strings before they are displayed.
Security
Bash provides a restricted shell environment. It is also possible to
control the execution of setuid/setgid scripts.
Directory Stack
Bash provides a `directory stack', to which directories may be added
and removed. The current directory may be changed to any directory in
the stack. It is easy to toggle between two directories in the stack.
The directory stack may be saved and restored across different shell
invocations.
POSIX Mode
Bash is nearly completely conformant to POSIX.2. POSIX mode changes
those few areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the
standard to match the standard. In POSIX mode, Bash is POSIX.2
compliant.
Internationalization
Bash provides a new quoting syntax that allows strings to be
translated according to the current locale. The locale in which the
shell itself runs may also be changed, so that the shell messages
themselves may be language-specific.
The command-line editing facilities allow the input of eight-bit
characters, so most of the ISO-8859 family of character sets are
supported.
Command Timing
Bash allows external commands, shell builtin commands and shell functions
to be timed. The format used to display the timing information may be
changed by the user.

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Platform-Specific Configuration and Operation Notes [very dated]
====================================================================
1. configure --without-gnu-malloc on:
alpha running OSF/1, Linux, or NetBSD (malloc needs 8-byte alignment;
bash malloc has 8-byte alignment now, but I have no alphas to test on)
next running NeXT/OS; machines running Openstep
all machines running SunOS YP code: SunOS4, SunOS5, HP/UX, if you
have problems with username completion or tilde expansion for
usernames found via YP/NIS
linux (optional, but don't do it if you're using Doug Lea's malloc)
QNX 4.2
other OSF/1 machines (KSR/1, HP, IBM AIX/ESA)
AIX
sparc SVR4, SVR4.2 (ICL reference port)
DG/UX
Cray
Haiku OS
NetBSD/sparc (malloc needs 8-byte alignment; bash malloc has 8-byte
alignment now, but I have no NetBSD machines to test on)
BSD/OS 2.1, 3.x if you want to use loadable builtins
Motorola m68k machines running System V.3. There is a file descriptor
leak caused by using the bash malloc because closedir(3) needs to read
freed memory to find the file descriptor to close
2. Configure using shlicc2 on BSD/OS 2.1 and BSD/OS 3.x to use loadable
builtins
3. Bash cannot be built in a directory separate from the source directory
using configure --srcdir=... unless the version of `make' you're using
does $VPATH handling right. The script support/mkclone can be used to
create a `build tree' using symlinks to get around this.
4. I've had reports that username completion (as well as tilde expansion
and \u prompt expansion) does not work on IRIX 5.3 when linking with
-lnsl. This is only a problem when you're running NIS, since
apparently -lnsl supports only /etc/passwd and not the NIS functions
for retrieving usernames and passwords. Editing the Makefile after
configure runs and removing the `-lnsl' from the assignment to `LIBS'
fixes the problem.
5. There is a problem with the `makewhatis' script in older (pre-7.0)
versions of Red Hat Linux. Running `makewhatis' with bash-2.0 or
later versions results in error messages like this:
/usr/sbin/makewhatis: cd: manpath: No such file or directory
/usr/sbin/makewhatis: manpath/whatis: No such file or directory
chmod: manpath/whatis: No such file or directory
/usr/sbin/makewhatis: cd: catpath: No such file or directory
/usr/sbin/makewhatis: catpath/whatis: No such file or directory
chmod: catpath/whatis: No such file or directory
The problem is with `makewhatis'. Red Hat (and possibly other
Linux distributors) uses a construct like this in the code:
eval path=$"$pages"path
to do indirect variable expansion. This `happened to work' in
bash-1.14 and previous versions, but that was more an accident
of implementation than anything else -- it was never supported
and certainly is not portable.
Bash-2.0 has a new feature that gives a new meaning to $"...".
This is explained more completely in item 1 in the COMPAT file.
The three lines in the `makewhatis' script that need to be changed
look like this:
eval $topath=$"$topath":$name
[...]
eval path=$"$pages"path
[...]
eval path=$"$pages"path
The portable way to write this code is
eval $topath="\$$topath":$name
eval path="\$$pages"path
eval path="\$$pages"path
You could also experiment with another new bash feature: ${!var}.
This does indirect variable expansion, making the use of eval
unnecessary.
6. There is a problem with syslogd on many Linux distributions (Red Hat
and Slackware are two that I have received reports about). syslogd
sends a SIGINT to its parent process, which is waiting for the daemon
to finish its initialization. The parent process then dies due to
the SIGINT, and bash reports it, causing unexpected console output
while the system is booting that looks something like
starting daemons: syslogd/etc/rc.d/rc.M: line 29: 38 Interrupt ${NET}/syslogd
Bash-2.0 reports events such as processes dying in scripts due to
signals when the standard output is a tty. Bash-1.14.x and previous
versions did not report such events.
This should probably be reported as a bug to whatever Linux distributor
people see the problem on. In my opinion, syslogd should be changed to
use some other method of communication, or the wrapper function (which
appeared to be `daemon' when I looked at it some time ago) or script
(which appeared to be `syslog') should catch SIGINT, since it's an
expected event, and exit cleanly.
7. Several people have reported that `dip' (a program for SLIP/PPP
on Linux) does not work with bash-2.0 installed as /bin/sh.
I don't run any Linux boxes myself, and do not have the dip
code handy to look at, but the `problem' with bash-2.0, as
it has been related to me, is that bash requires the `-p'
option to be supplied at invocation if it is to run setuid
or setgid.
This means, among other things, that setuid or setgid programs
which call system(3) (a horrendously bad practice in any case)
relinquish their setuid/setgid status in the child that's forked
to execute /bin/sh.
The following is an *unofficial* patch to bash-2.0 that causes it
to not require `-p' to run setuid or setgid if invoked as `sh'.
It has been reported to work on Linux. It will make your system
vulnerable to bogus system(3) calls in setuid executables.
--- ../bash-2.0.orig/shell.c Wed Dec 18 14:16:30 1996
+++ shell.c Fri Mar 7 13:12:03 1997
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@
if (posixly_correct)
posix_initialize (posixly_correct);
- if (running_setuid && privileged_mode == 0)
+ if (running_setuid && privileged_mode == 0 && act_like_sh == 0)
disable_priv_mode ();
/* Need to get the argument to a -c option processed in the
8. Some people have asked about binding all of the keys in a PC-keyboard-
style numeric keypad to readline functions. Here's something I
received from the gnu-win32 list that may help. Insert the following
lines into ~/.inputrc:
# home key
"\e[1~":beginning-of-line
# insert key
"\e[2~":kill-whole-line
# del key
"\e[3~":delete-char
# end key
"\e[4~":end-of-line
# pgup key
"\e[5~":history-search-forward
# pgdn key
"\e[6~":history-search-backward
9. Hints for building under Minix 2.0 (Contributed by Terry R. McConnell,
<tmc@barnyard.syr.edu>)
The version of /bin/sh distributed with Minix is not up to the job of
running the configure script. The easiest solution is to swap /bin/sh
with /usr/bin/ash. Then use chmem(1) to increase the memory allocated
to /bin/sh. The following settings are known to work:
text data bss stack memory
63552 9440 3304 65536 141832 /bin/sh
If you have problems with make or yacc it may be worthwhile first to
install the GNU versions of these utilities before attempting to build
bash. (As of this writing, all of these utilities are available for the
i386 as pre-built binaries via anonymous ftp at math.syr.edu in the
pub/mcconnell/minix directory. Note that the GNU version of yacc is called
bison.)
Unless you want to see lots of warnings about old-style declarations,
do LOCAL_CFLAGS=-wo; export LOCAL_CFLAGS before running configure.
(These warnings are harmless, but annoying.)
configure will insist that you supply a host type. For example, do
./configure --host=i386-pc-minix.
Minix does not support the system calls required for a proper
implementation of ulimit(). The `ulimit' builtin will not be available.
Configure will fail to notice that many things like uid_t are indeed
typedef'd in <sys/types.h>, because it uses egrep for this purpose
and minix has no egrep. You could try making a link /usr/bin/egrep -->
/usr/bin/grep. Better is to install the GNU version of grep in
/usr/local/bin and make the link /usr/local/bin/egrep -->/usr/local/bin/grep.
(These must be hard links, of course, since Minix does not support
symbolic links.)
You will see many warnings of the form:
warning: unknown s_type: 98
I have no idea what this means, but it doesn't seem to matter.
10. If you do not have /usr/ccs/bin in your PATH when building on SunOS 5.x
(Solaris 2), the configure script will be unable to find `ar' and
`ranlib' (of course, ranlib is unnecessary). Make sure your $PATH
includes /usr/ccs/bin on SunOS 5.x. This generally manifests itself
with libraries not being built and make reporting errors like
`cr: not found' when library construction is attempted.
11. Building a statically-linked bash on Solaris 2.5.x, 2.6, 7, or 8 is
complicated.
It's not possible to build a completely statically-linked binary, since
part of the C library depends on dynamic linking. The following recipe
assumes that you're using gcc and the Solaris ld (/usr/ccs/bin/ld) on
Solaris 2.5.x or 2.6:
configure --enable-static-link
make STATIC_LD= LOCAL_LIBS='-Wl,-B,dynamic -ldl -Wl,-B,static'
This should result in a bash binary that depends only on libdl.so:
thor(2)$ ldd bash
libdl.so.1 => /usr/lib/libdl.so.1
If you're using the Sun C Compiler (Sun WorkShop C Compiler version
4.2 was what I used), you should be able to get away with using
configure --enable-static-link
make STATIC_LD= LOCAL_LIBS='-B dynamic -ldl -B static'
If you want to completely remove any dependence on /usr, perhaps
to put a copy of bash in /sbin and have it available when /usr is
not mounted, force the build process to use the shared dl.so library
in /etc/lib.
For gcc, this would be something like
configure --enable-static-link
make STATIC_LD= LOCAL_LIBS='-Wl,-B,dynamic -Wl,-R/etc/lib -ldl -Wl,-B,static'
For Sun's WS4.2 cc
configure --enable-static-link
make STATIC_LD= LOCAL_LIBS='-B dynamic -R/etc/lib -ldl -B static'
seems to work, at least on Solaris 2.5.1:
thor(2)$ ldd bash
libdl.so.1 => /etc/lib/libdl.so.1
On Solaris 7 (Solaris 8, using the version of gcc on the free software
CD-ROM), the following recipe appears to work for gcc:
configure --enable-static-link
make STATIC_LD='-Wl,-Bstatic' LOCAL_LIBS='-Wl,-Bdynamic -Wl,-R/etc/lib -ldl -Wl,-Bstatic'
thor.ins.cwru.edu(2)$ ldd bash
libdl.so.1 => /etc/lib/libdl.so.1
Make the analogous changes if you are running Sun's C Compiler.
I have received word that adding -L/etc/lib (or the equivalent
-Wl,-L/etc/lib) might also be necessary, in addition to the -R/etc/lib.
On later versions of Solaris, it may be necessary to add -lnsl before
-ldl; statically-linked versions of bash using libnsl are not guaranteed
to work correctly on future versions of Solaris.
12. Configuring bash to build it in a cross environment. Currently only
two native versions can be compiled this way, cygwin32 and x86 BeOS.
For BeOS, you would configure it like this:
export RANLIB=i586-beos-ranlib
export AR=i586-beos-ar
export CC=i586-beos-gcc
configure i586-beos
Similarly for cygwin32.
13. Bash-2.05 has reverted to the bash-2.03 behavior of honoring the current
locale setting when processing ranges within pattern matching bracket
expressions ([A-Z]). This is what POSIX.2 and SUSv2 specify.
The behavior of the matcher in bash-2.05 depends on the current LC_COLLATE
setting. Setting this variable to `C' or `POSIX' will result in the
traditional behavior ([A-Z] matches all uppercase ASCII characters).
Many other locales, including the en_US locale (the default on many US
versions of Linux) collate the upper and lower case letters like this:
AaBb...Zz
which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `z'.
The portable way to specify upper case letters is [:upper:] instead of
A-Z; lower case may be specified as [:lower:] instead of a-z.
Look at the manual pages for setlocale(3), strcoll(3), and, if it is
present, locale(1). If you have locale(1), you can use it to find
your current locale information even if you do not have any of the
LC_ variables set.
My advice is to put
export LC_COLLATE=C
into /etc/profile and inspect any shell scripts run from cron for
constructs like [A-Z]. This will prevent things like
rm [A-Z]*
from removing every file in the current directory except those beginning
with `z' and still allow individual users to change the collation order.
Users may put the above command into their own profiles as well, of course.
14. Building on Interix (nee OpenNT), which Microsoft bought from Softway
Systems and has seemingly abandoned (thanks to Kevin Moore for this item).
1. cp cross-build/opennt.cache config.cache
2. If desired, edit pathnames.h to set the values of SYS_PROFILE and
DEFAULT_HOSTS_FILE appropriately.
3. export CONFIG_SHELL=$INTERIX_ROOT/bin/sh
4. ./configure --prefix=$INTERIX_ROOT/usr/local (or wherever you
want it).
5. make; make install; enjoy
15. Configure with `CC=xlc' if you don't have gcc on AIX 4.2 and later
versions. `xlc' running in `cc' mode has trouble compiling error.c.
16. Configure --disable-multibyte on NetBSD versions (1.4 through at least
1.6.1) that include wctype.h but do not define wctype_t.
17. Do NOT use bison-1.75. It builds a non-working parser. The most
obvious effect is that constructs like "for i; do echo $i; done" don't
loop over the positional parameters.
18. I have received reports that using -O2 with the MIPSpro results in a
binary that fails in strange ways. Using -O1 seems to work.
19. There is special handling to ensure the shell links against static
versions of the included readline and history libraries on Mac OS X;
Apple ships inadequate dynamic libreadline and libhistory "replacements"
as standard libraries.
20. If you're on a system like SGI Irix, and you get an error about not
being able to refer to a dynamic symbol
(ld: non-dynamic relocations refer to dynamic symbol PC), add
-DNEED_EXTERN_PC to the LOCAL_CFLAGS variable in lib/readline/Makefile.in
and rebuild.

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6.11 Bash POSIX Mode
====================
Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set
-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely
to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified
by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the startup
files.
The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect:
1. Bash ensures that the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' variable is set.
2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available
with 'shopt -s checkhash'.
3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
from a '$PATH' search.
4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
'SIGTSTP'.
6. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
7. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
8. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command
substitution. The default mode generally defers it, when enabled,
until the command substitution is executed. This means that
command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after
the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a
function definition).
9. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number
and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the
'promptvars' option.
10. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the
normal Bash files.
11. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
12. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default
value of '$HISTFILE').
13. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
14. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
the redirection.
15. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not
contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid
name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
16. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
builtins.
17. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
command lookup.
18. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash
does not print the 'function' keyword.
19. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note
Tilde Expansion::.
20. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
format of the timing information.
21. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
22. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the
next token begins with a '-'.
23. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a
double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled.
24. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
special builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any
other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command,
and execution continues at the top level ("the shell shall not
perform any further processing of the command in which the error
occurred").
27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable
in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable.
28. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not
found.
29. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
expansion results in an invalid expression.
30. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
31. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by
the 'eval' builtin.
32. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
the '#' and '?' special parameters.
33. Expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context where the
expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if it were
double-quoted.
34. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
the shell environment after the builtin completes.
35. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
by 'command'.
36. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
whether the job is the current or previous job.
37. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix.
38. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG'
prefix.
39. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output
in the format required by POSIX.
40. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading
'SIG'.
41. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
use '-' as the first argument.
42. 'trap -p' displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL
and those that were ignored when the shell started.
43. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory
for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'.
44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command
substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent
shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash
clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'shift_verbose'
option, so numeric arguments to 'shift' that exceed the number of
positional parameters will result in an error message.
46. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is
supplied.
47. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
display shell function names and definitions.
48. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
49. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail
instead of falling back to physical mode.
50. When the 'cd' builtin cannot change a directory because the length
of the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name
supplied as an argument exceeds 'PATH_MAX' when all symbolic links
are expanded, 'cd' will fail instead of attempting to use only the
supplied directory name.
51. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
system with the '-P' option.
52. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
53. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'.
54. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'.
55. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when
the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and
'$EDITOR'.
56. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is
displayed, after escape characters are converted.
57. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c'
and '-f' options.
58. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not
interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
59. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status
greater than 128.
60. The 'printf' builtin uses 'double' (via 'strtod') to convert
arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
instead of 'long double' if it's available. The 'L' length
modifier forces 'printf' to use 'long double' if it's available.
61. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it.
There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
even when in POSIX mode. Specifically:
1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset.
2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled
for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying
the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when building (*note
Optional Features::).

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6.10 The Restricted Shell
=========================
If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r'
option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A
restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than
the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash'
with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
* Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin.
* Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'HISTFILE',
'ENV', or 'BASH_ENV' variables.
* Specifying command names containing slashes.
* Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.'
builtin command.
* Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
'history' builtin command.
* Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p'
option to the 'hash' builtin command.
* Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup.
* Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
startup.
* Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>'
redirection operators.
* Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
* Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options
to the 'enable' builtin.
* Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins.
* Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin.
* Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'shopt -u
restricted_shell'.
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note
Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
The restricted shell mode is only one component of a useful restricted
environment. It should be accompanied by setting 'PATH' to a value that
allows execution of only a few verified commands (commands that allow
shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the current
directory to a non-writable directory other than '$HOME' after login,
not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and cleaning
the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify their
behavior (e.g., 'VISUAL' or 'PAGER').
Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted
environment, such as 'jails', 'zones', or 'containers'.

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Introduction
============
This is GNU Bash, version 5.2. Bash is the GNU Project's Bourne
Again SHell, a complete implementation of the POSIX shell spec,
but also with interactive command line editing, job control on
architectures that support it, csh-like features such as history
substitution and brace expansion, and a slew of other features.
For more information on the features of Bash that are new to this
type of shell, see the file `doc/bashref.texi'. There is also a
large Unix-style man page. The man page is the definitive description
of the shell's features.
See the file POSIX for a discussion of how the Bash defaults differ
from the POSIX spec and a description of the Bash `posix mode'.
There are some user-visible incompatibilities between this version
of Bash and previous widely-distributed versions, bash-4.4, bash-5.0,
and bash-5.1. For details, see the file COMPAT. The NEWS file tersely
lists features that are new in this release.
Bash is free software, distributed under the terms of the [GNU] General
Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
version 3 of the License (or any later version). For more information,
see the file COPYING.
A number of frequently-asked questions are answered in the file
`doc/FAQ'. (That file is no longer updated.)
To compile Bash, type `./configure', then `make'. Bash auto-configures
the build process, so no further intervention should be necessary. Bash
builds with `gcc' by default if it is available. If you want to use `cc'
instead, type
CC=cc ./configure
if you are using a Bourne-style shell. If you are not, the following
may work:
env CC=cc ./configure
Read the file INSTALL in this directory for more information about how
to customize and control the build process. The file NOTES contains
platform-specific installation and configuration information.
If you are a csh user and wish to convert your csh aliases to Bash
aliases, you may wish to use the script `examples/misc/alias-conv.sh'
as a starting point. The script `examples/misc/cshtobash' is a
more ambitious script that attempts to do a more complete job.
Reporting Bugs
==============
Bug reports for bash should be sent to:
bug-bash@gnu.org
using the `bashbug' program that is built and installed at the same
time as bash.
The discussion list `bug-bash@gnu.org' often contains information
about new ports of Bash, or discussions of new features or behavior
changes that people would like. This mailing list is also available
as a usenet newsgroup: gnu.bash.bug.
When you send a bug report, please use the `bashbug' program that is
built at the same time as bash. If bash fails to build, try building
bashbug directly with `make bashbug'. If you cannot build `bashbug',
please send mail to bug-bash@gnu.org with the following information:
* the version number and release status of Bash (e.g., 2.05a-release)
* the machine and OS that it is running on (you may run
`bashversion -l' from the bash build directory for this information)
* a list of the compilation flags or the contents of `config.h', if
appropriate
* a description of the bug
* a recipe for recreating the bug reliably
* a fix for the bug if you have one!
The `bashbug' program includes much of this automatically.
Questions and requests for help with bash and bash programming may be
sent to the help-bash@gnu.org mailing list.
If you would like to contact the Bash maintainers directly, send mail
to bash-maintainers@gnu.org.
While the Bash maintainers do not promise to fix all bugs, we would
like this shell to be the best that we can make it.
Other Packages
==============
This distribution includes, in examples/bash-completion, a recent version
of the `bash-completion' package, which provides programmable completions
for a number of commands. It's available as a package in many distributions,
and that is the first place from which to obtain it.
The latest version of bash-completion is always available from
https://github.com/scop/bash-completion.
If it's not a package from your vendor, you may install the included version.
Enjoy!
Chet Ramey
chet.ramey@case.edu
Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is,
without any warranty.

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