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<h1 id="terms" class="docs">Definitions of terms used in this manual</h1>
<p>
I use a number of typesetting-specific and groff-specific terms
throughout this documentation, as well as a few terms that apply
to mom herself. To make life easier, I&#8217;ll explain
them here. Refer back to this section should you encounter a word
or concept you&#8217;re not familiar with.
</p>
<div class="rule-short" style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 28px;"><hr/></div>
<div class="col-1-definitions">
<table class="definitions">
<tr><th class="definitions">Typesetting terms</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#ascender">Ascender</a><br/>
<a href="#baseline">Baseline</a><br/>
<a href="#ballotbox">Ballot box</a><br/>
<a href="#bullet">Bullet</a><br/>
<a href="#capheight">Cap-height</a><br/>
<a href="#descender">Descender</a><br/>
<a href="#discretionaryhyphen">Discretionary hyphen</a><br/>
<a href="#dropcap">Drop cap</a><br/>
<a href="#em">Em/en</a><br/>
<a href="#family">Family</a><br/>
<a href="#figurespace">Figure space/Digit space</a><br/>
<a href="#fixedwidthfont">Fixed width font</a><br/>
<a href="#fixedwidthspace">Fixed width space</a><br/>
<a href="#font">Font</a><br/>
<a href="#force">Force justify</a><br/>
<a href="#just">Justify/justification</a><br/>
<a href="#gutter">Gutter</a><br/>
<a href="#kern">Kerning</a><br/>
<a href="#kernunit">Kern Units</a><br/>
<a href="#leading">Lead/leading</a><br/>
<a href="#leader">Leaders</a><br/>
<a href="#ligatures">Ligature</a><br/>
<a href="#picaspoints">Picas/Points</a><br/>
<a href="#ps">Point Size</a><br/>
<a href="#quad">Quad</a><br/>
<a href="#rag">Rag</a><br/>
<a href="#shape">Shape</a><br/>
<a href="#solid">Solid/set solid</a><br/>
<a href="#trackkerning">Track kerning/Line kerning</a><br/>
<a href="#unbreakablespace">Unbreakable space</a><br/>
<a href="#weight">Weight</a><br/>
<a href="#wordspace">Word space</a><br/>
<a href="#xheight">x-height</a><br/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="col-2-definitions">
<table class="definitions">
<tr><th class="definitions">Groff terms</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#alias">Alias</a><br/>
<a href="#arguments">Arguments</a><br/>
<a href="#commentlines">Comment lines</a><br/>
<a href="#controllines">Control Lines</a><br/>
<a href="#filled">Filled lines</a><br/>
<a href="#inlines">Inline escapes</a><br/>
<a href="#inputline">Input line</a><br/>
<a href="#macros">Macros</a><br/>
<a href="#units">Machine units</a><br/>
<a href="#numericargument">Numeric argument</a><br/>
<a href="#outputline">Output line</a><br/>
<a href="#primitives">Primitives</a><br/>
<a href="#preprocessor">Pre-processor</a><br/>
<a href="#stringargument">String Argument</a><br/>
<a href="#unitofmeasure">Unit of measure</a><br/>
<a href="#zerowidthcharacter">Zero-width character</a><br/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="col-3-definitions">
<table class="definitions">
<tr><th class="definitions">Mom terms</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#baseline-grid">Baseline grid</a><br/>
<a href="#blockquote">Blockquote</a><br/>
<a href="#controlmacro">Control macro</a><br/>
<a href="#docheader">Docheader</a><br/>
<a href="#epigraph">Epigraph</a><br/>
<a href="#float">Float</a><br/>
<a href="#footer">Footer</a><br/>
<a href="#head">Head</a><br/>
<a href="#header">Header</a><br/>
<a href="#linebreak">Linebreak</a><br/>
<a href="#parahead">Paragraph head</a><br/>
<a href="#pdflink">PDF link</a><br/>
<a href="#pdfoutline">PDF outline</a><br/>
<a href="#quote">Quote</a><br/>
<a href="#running">Running text</a><br/>
<a href="#toggle">Toggle</a><br/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<h3 id="typesetting-terms" class="docs">Typesetting terms</h3>
<dl>
<dt id="ascender">Ascender</dt>
<dd>
The portion of a letter that extends above the bowl. For
example, the letters a, c, and e have no ascenders. The letters
b, d, and h do.
</dd>
<dt id="baseline">Baseline</dt>
<dd>
The imaginary line on which the bottoms of capital letters and
the bowls of lower case letters rest.
</dd>
<dt id="ballotbox">Ballot box</dt>
<dd>
An unfilled square, usually
<a href="#capheight">cap-height</a>
in size, typically placed beside items in a checklist.
</dd>
<dt id="bullet">Bullet</dt>
<dd>
A small, filled circle typically found beside items or points in
a list.
</dd>
<dt id="capheight">Cap-height</dt>
<dd>
The height of the tallest capital letter in a given
<a href="#font">font</a>
at the current
<a href="#ps">point size</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="descender">Descender</dt>
<dd>
The portion of a letter that extends beneath the
<a href="#baseline">baseline</a>
(j, q, y are letters with descenders).
</dd>
<dt id="discretionaryhyphen">Discretionary hyphen</dt>
<dd>
A symbol inserted between two syllables of a word that indicates
to a typesetting program the valid hyphenation points in the
word. Normally, if hyphenation is turned on, groff knows where
to hyphenate words. However, hyphenation being what it is
(in English, at any rate), groff doesn&#8217;t always get it right.
Discretionary hyphens make sure it does. In the event that the
word doesn&#8217;t need to be hyphenated at all, groff leaves them
alone. In groff, the discretionary hyphen is entered with
<kbd>\%</kbd> (i.e. a backslash followed by the percent sign).
</dd>
<dt id="dropcap">Drop cap</dt>
<dd>
A large, usually upper-case letter that introduces the first
paragraph of a document or section thereof. The top of the
drop cap usually lines up with the top of the first line of the
paragraph, and typically &#8220;drops&#8221; several lines lower.
Text adjacent to the drop cap is indented to the right of the
letter until the bottom of the drop cap is reached, at which
point text reverts to the left margin.
</dd>
<dt id="em">Em/en</dt>
<dd>
An em is a relative measurement equal to the width of the
letter M at a given
<a href="#ps">point size</a>
in a given
<a href="#font">font</a>.
Since most Ms are designed square, an em is usually (but
sometimes erroneously) considered to be the same size as the
current point size (i.e., if the point size of the type is 12,
one em equals 12 points). An en is equal to the width of a
letter N (historically 2/3 of an em, although groff treats an en
as 1/2 of an em). Typically, ems and ens are used to measure
indents, or to define the length of dashes (long hyphens).
</dd>
<dt id="family">Family</dt>
<dd>
The collective name by which a collection of
<a href="#font">fonts</a>
are known, e.g. Helvetica, Times Roman, Garamond.
</dd>
<dt id="figurespace">Figure space/Digit space</dt>
<dd>
A
<a href="#fixedwidthspace">fixed width space</a>
that has the width of one digit. Used for aligning numerals in,
say, columns or numbered lists. In groff, the figure space is
entered with <kbd>\0</kbd> (i.e. a backslash followed by a zero)
</dd>
<dt id="fixedwidthfont">Fixed-width font</dt>
<dd>
A family or font in which every character occupies exactly the
same amount of horizontal space on the line. Courier is the
best-known, if not the most elegant, fixed-width font.
</dd>
<dt id="fixedwidthspace">Fixed width space</dt>
<dd>
Equal to
<a href="#wordspace">word space</a>,
but does not expand or contract when text is
<a href="#just">justified</a>.
In groff, fixed width space is entered with
<kbd>\&lt;space&gt;</kbd> (i.e. a backslash followed by a space)
</dd>
<dt id="font">Font</dt>
<dd>
The specific
<a href="#weight">weight</a>
and
<a href="#shape">shape</a>
of type within a
<a href="#family">family</a>,
e.g. light, medium, bold (which are weights), and roman, italic,
condensed (which are shapes). By default, groff knows of four
fonts within its default set of families: R (medium roman), I
(medium italic), B (bold roman) and BI (bold italic).
Mom considerably extends this very basic list.
</dd>
<dt id="force">Force justify</dt>
<dd>
Sometimes, in
<a href="#just">justified</a>
text, a line needs to be broken short of the right margin.
Force justifying means telling a typesetting program (like
groff) that you want the line broken early AND that you want the
line&#8217;s word spacing stretched to force the line flush with the
right margin.
</dd>
<dt id="gutter">Gutter</dt>
<dd>
The vertical whitespace separating columns of type.
</dd>
<dt id="just">Justify/justification</dt>
<dd>
Lines of type are justified when they&#8217;re flush at both the left
and right margins. Justification is the act of making both
margins flush. Some people use the terms "left justified" and
"right justified" to mean type where only the left (or right)
margins align. I don&#8217;t. See
<a href="#quad">quad</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="kern">Kerning</dt>
<dd>
Moving pairs of letters closer together to remove excess
whitespace between them. In the days before phototypesetting,
type was set from small, rectangular blocks of wood or metal,
each block having exactly one letter. Because the edge of
each block determined the edge of each letter, certain letter
combinations (TA, for example) didn&#8217;t fit together well and had
to be mortised by hand to bring them visually closer. Modern
typesetting systems usually take care of kerning automatically,
but they&#8217;re far from perfect. Professional typesetters still
devote a lot of time to fitting letters and punctuation together
properly.
</dd>
<dt id="kernunit">Kern Units</dt>
<dd>
A relative distance, which, by default, is equal to 1/36 of the
current
<a href="#ps">point size</a>.
Used between individual letters for
<a href="#kern">kerning</a>.
Different typesetting systems use different values (1/54 is
popular), and sometimes call kern units by a different name.
It is possible to change the default size of the kern unit with the
<a href="inlines.html#kernunit">KERN_UNIT</a>
macro.
</dd>
<dt id="leading">Lead/leading</dt>
<dd>
The distance from the
<a href="#baseline">baseline</a>
of one line of type to the line of type immediately beneath
it. Pronounced "ledding." Also called line spacing. Usually
measured in
<a href="#picaspoints">points</a>.
<p>
<em>In case you&#8217;re interested...</em> In previous centuries,
lines of type were separated by thin strips of&mdash;you guessed
it&mdash;lead. Lines of type that had no lead between them were said
to be &#8220;set solid.&#8221; Once you began separating them with
strips of lead, they were said to be &#8220;leaded&#8221;, and the
spacing was expressed in terms of the number of
<a href="#picaspoints">points</a>
of lead. For this reason, &#8220;leading&#8221; and &#8220;line
spacing&#8221; aren&#8217;t, historically speaking, synonymous.
If type was set 10 on 12, for example, the leading was 2
points, not 12. Nowadays, however, the two terms are used
interchangeably to mean the distance from baseline to baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="leader">Leaders</dt>
<dd>
Single characters used to fill lines, usually to their end. So
called because they &#8220;lead&#8221; the eye from one element
of the page to another. For example, in the following (brief)
Table of Contents, the periods (dots) are leaders.
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
Foreword............... 2
Chapter 1.............. 5
Chapter 2.............. 38
Chapter 3.............. 60
</span>
</dd>
<dt id="ligatures">Ligature</dt>
<dd>
Ligatures are letters joined together to form a single
character. The commonest are fi, fl, ff, ffi and ffl. Others
are ae and oe. Occasionally, one sees an st ligature, but this
is archaic and quite rare.
</dd>
<dt id="picaspoints">Picas/Points</dt>
<dd>
There are twelve points in a pica, and six picas in an inch
(hence 72 points to the inch). In the same way that gem-dealers
have always used their own system of measurement for weight
(carats), typographers have always used their own system of
measurement for type.
</dd>
<dt id="ps">Point Size</dt>
<dd>
The nominal size of type, measured in
<a href="#picaspoints">points</a>
from the bottom of the longest
<a href="#descender">descender</a>
to the top of the highest
<a href="#ascender">ascender</a>.
In reality, type is always fractionally smaller than its point
size.
</dd>
<dt id="quad">Quad</dt>
<dd>
When only one margin of type is flush, lines of type are quadded
in the direction of the flush margin. Therefore, quad left
means the left margin is flush, the right isn&#8217;t. Quad right
means the right margin is flush, the left isn&#8217;t. Quad centre
means neither the left nor the right margin is flush; rather,
lines of type are quadded on both sides so that type appears
centred on the page.
</dd>
<dt id="rag">Rag</dt>
<dd>
Describes a margin that isn&#8217;t flush. Rag right means the right
margin isn&#8217;t flush. Rag left means the left margin isn&#8217;t flush.
The expression "flush left/rag right" is sometimes used to
describe type that is
<a href="#quad">quadded</a>
left.
</dd>
<dt id="shape">Shape</dt>
<dd>
The degree of slant and/or the width of characters.
(Technically speaking, this is not a proper typesetting term;
however, it may help clarify some concepts presented in these
documents.)
<p>
Some typical shapes are:
</p>
<ul style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: -.5em">
<li>Roman, which has no slant, and has letterforms of
average width</li>
<li>Italic, which is slanted, and has letterforms
of average width</li>
<li>Condensed, which has no slant, but has
letterforms narrower than the average represented by Roman</li>
<li>Condensed Italic, which is slanted, with letterforms narrower
than average</li>
</ul>
<p>
The term
<a href="#font">font</a>,
as it is used in these documents, refers to a combination of
<a href="#weight">weight</a>
and shape.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="solid">Solid/set solid</dt>
<dd>
When no
<a href="#leading">lead</a>
is added between lines of type (i.e., the
<a href="#ps">point size</a>
and linespacing are the same), the lines are said to be &#8220;set
solid.&#8221;
</dd>
<dt id="trackkerning">Track kerning/Line kerning</dt>
<dd>
Sometimes, it&#8217;s advantageous to increase or decrease the amount
of space between every letter in a line by an equal (usually
small) amount, in order to fit more (or fewer) characters on the
line. The correct term is letter spacing, but track kerning and
line kerning (and sometimes, just "kerning") have come to mean
the same thing.
</dd>
<dt id="unbreakablespace">Unbreakable space</dt>
<dd>
Equal to
<a href="#wordspace">word space</a>,
however words separated by an unbreakable space will always be
kept together on the same line. Expands and contracts like word
space. Useful for proper names, which one should, whenever
possible, avoid splitting onto two lines. In groff, unbreakable
space is entered with <kbd>\~</kbd> (i.e. a backslash followed by a
tilde)
</dd>
<dt id="weight">Weight</dt>
<dd>
The thickness of the strokes of letterforms. Medium and Book
have average thicknesses and are the weights used for most
of the text in books, magazines, newspapers, etc. Light has
strokes slightly thinner than Medium or Book, but is still
acceptable for most text. Semibold, Bold, Heavy and Black all
have strokes of increasing thickness, making them suitable for
headings and the like.
</dd>
<dt id="wordspace">Word space</dt>
<dd>
The amount of whitespace between words. When text is
<a href="#just">justified</a>,
word space expands or contracts to make the margins flush.
</dd>
<dt id="xheight">x-height</dt>
<dd>
The height of a lower case letter x in a given font at a given
point size. Generally used to mean the average height of the
bowl of lower case letters.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="groff-terms" class="docs">Groff terms</h3>
<dl>
<dt id="alias">Alias</dt>
<dd>
A
<a href="#macros">macro</a>
invoked by a name different from its &#8220;official&#8221;
name. For example, the official name of the macro to change
<a href="#family">family</a>
is <kbd>FAMILY</kbd>. Its alias is <kbd>FAM</kbd>.
Aliases may be created for any macro (via the
<a href="goodies.html#alias"><kbd>ALIAS</kbd></a>
macro) provided the alias uses a name not already taken by the
mom macros or one of the groff
<a href="#primitives">primitives</a>.
For a complete list of words or names you must not use, see the
<a href="reserved.html#reserved">list of reserved words</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="arguments">Arguments</dt>
<dd>
Parameters or information needed by a
<a href="#macros">macro</a>
to do its job. For example, in the macro
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
.PT_SIZE 12
</span>
<kbd>12</kbd> is the argument. In the macro
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
.QUAD LEFT
</span>
<kbd>LEFT</kbd> is the argument. Arguments are separated from
macros by spaces. Some macros require several arguments; each
is separated by a space.
</dd>
<dt id="commentlines">Comment Lines</dt>
<dd>
<a href="#inputline">Input lines</a>
introduced with the comment character <kbd>\#</kbd> (i.e. a
backslash followed by the pound sign). When processing output,
groff silently ignores everything on a line that begins with the
comment character.
</dd>
<dt id="controllines">Control Lines</dt>
<dd>
Instructions to groff that appear on a line by themselves, which
means that &#8220;control lines&#8221; are either
<a href="#macros">macros</a>
or groff
<a href="#primitives">primitives</a>.
Control lines begin with a period or, occasionally, an apostrophe.
</dd>
<dt id="filled">Filled lines/fill mode</dt>
<dd>
Automatic
<a href="#just">justification</a>
or
<a href="#quad">quadding</a>.
In fill mode, the ends of lines as they appear in your text
editor are ignored. Instead, words from adjoining
<a href="#inputline">input lines</a>
are added one at a time to the output line until no more words
fit. Then, depending whether text is to be
<a href="#just">justified</a>
or
<a href="#quad">quadded</a>
(left, right, or centre), and depending on whether automatic
hyphenation is turned on, groff attempts to hyphenate the last
word, or, barring that, spreads and breaks the line (when
justification is turned on) or breaks and quads the line (when
quadding is turned on).
<p id="no-fill">
Nofill mode (non-filled text) means that groff respects the ends
of lines exactly as they appear in your text editor.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="inlines">Inline escapes</dt>
<dd>
Instructions issued to groff that appear as part of an
<a href="#inputline">input line</a>
(as opposed to
<a href="#macros">macros</a>,
which must appear on a line by themselves). Inline escapes are
always introduced by the backslash character. For example,
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
A line of text with the word T\*[BU 2]oronto in it
</span>
contains the inline escape <kbd>\*[BU 2]</kbd> (which means
&#8220;move the letter &#8216;o&#8217; 2
<a href="#kernunit">kern units</a>
closer to the letter &#8216;T&#8217;&#8221;).
<p style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
Mom&#8217;s inline escapes always take the form
<kbd>\*[&lt;ESCAPE&gt;]</kbd>, where <kbd>ESCAPE</kbd> is
composed of capital letters, sometimes followed immediately by a
digit, sometimes followed by a space and a
<a href="#numericargument">numeric argument</a>.
Groff&#8217;s escapes begin with the backslash
character but typically have no star and are in lower case. For
example, the mom escapes to move forward 6
points on a line are either
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
\*[FP6]&nbsp;&nbsp;or&nbsp;&nbsp;\*[FWD 6p]
</span>
while the groff escape for the same thing is
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
\h&#8217;6p&#8217;
</span>
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="inputline" style="margin-top: -1em;">Input line</dt>
<dd>
A line of text as it appears in your text editor.
</dd>
<dt id="macros">Macros</dt>
<dd>
Instructions embedded in a document that determine how groff
processes the text for output. mom&#8217;s macros
always begin with a period, on a line by themselves, and must
be typed in capital letters. Typically, macros contain complex
commands issued to groff&mdash;behind the scenes&mdash;via
groff
<a href="#primitives">primitives</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="units">Machine units</dt>
<dd>
A machine unit is 1/1000 of a
<a href="#picaspoints">point</a>
when the groff device is ps. (&#8220;ps&#8221; means
&#8220;PostScript&#8221;&mdash;the default device for
which groff prepares output, and the device for which
mom was originally designed.)
</dd>
<dt id="numericargument">Numeric argument</dt>
<dd>
An
<a href="#arguments">argument</a>
that has the form of a digit. Numeric arguments can be built
out of arithmetic expressions using +, -, *, and / for plus,
minus, times, and divided-by respectively. If a numeric
argument requires a
<a href="#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>,
a unit of measure must be appended to <em>every</em> digit in
the argument. For example:
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
.ALD 1i-1v
</span>
<div class="box-important" style="margin-right: 2.5em;">
<p class="tip">
<span class="important">IMPORTANT:</span> groff does not
respect the order of operations, but rather evaluates
arithmetic expressions from left to right. Parentheses must
be used to circumvent this peculiarity. Not to worry, though.
The likelihood of more than just the occasional plus or minus
sign when using mom&#8217;s macros is slim.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="outputline">Output line</dt>
<dd>
A line of text as it appears in output copy.
</dd>
<dt id="preprocessor">Pre-processor</dt>
<dd>
Pre-processors are used by groff to generate tables
(<strong>tbl</strong>), diagrams (<strong>pic</strong>), graphs
(<strong>grap</strong>), and equations (<strong>eqn</strong>).
These pre-processors are fully supported by mom. In addition,
the &#8220;refer&#8221; pre-processor is used to generate
bibliographies and lists of cited works. The PDF_IMAGE macro,
which allows insertion of graphics into a document, is not
strictly a pre-processor but behaves similarly to tbl, pic, and
eqn.
</dd>
<dt id="primitives">Primitives</dt>
<dd>
The lowercase instructions, introduced with a period, that groff
uses as its native command language, and out of which macros
are built. The majority of groff&#8217;s primitive requests are two
letters long.
</dd>
<dt id="stringargument">String Argument</dt>
<dd>
Technically, any
<a href="#arguments">argument</a>
that is not numeric. In this documentation, string argument
means an argument that requires the user to input text. For
example, in the
<a href="#macros">macro</a>
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
.TITLE "My Pulitzer Novel"
</span>
<kbd>"My Pulitzer Novel"</kbd> is a string argument.
<p>
Because string arguments must be enclosed by double-quotes, you
can&#8217;t use double-quotes as part of the string argument. If you
need double-quotes to be part of a string argument, use the
<a href="#inlines">inline escapes</a>
<kbd>\(lq</kbd> and <kbd>\(rq</kbd> (leftquote and
rightquote respectively) in place of the double-quote character
(<kbd>"</kbd>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="unitofmeasure">Unit of measure</dt>
<dd>
The single letter after a
<a href="#numericargument">numeric argument</a>
that tells mom what measurement scale the
argument should use. Common valid units are:
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
i (inches)
p (points)
P (Picas)
c (centimetres)
m (ems)
n (ens)
u (machine units)
v (the current leading [line space])
</span>
<p style="margin-top: -1em;">
Units of measure must come immediately after the numeric
argument (i.e. with no space between the argument and the unit
of measure), like this:
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
.ALD 2v
.LL 39P
.IL 1i
</span>
The above example advances 2 line spaces and sets the line
length to 39 picas with a left indent of 1 inch.
</p>
<div class="box-important" style="margin-right: 2.5em;">
<p class="tip">
<span class="important">IMPORTANT:</span>
Most mom macros that set the size or measure of something must
be given a unit of measure since most of the macros do not have
default units of measure. There are a couple of exceptions,
the most notable of which are <kbd>PT_SIZE</kbd> and
<kbd class="bold">LS</kbd>. Both use
<a href="#picaspoints">points</a>
as the default unit of measure, which means you don&#8217;t have to
append &#8220;p&#8221; to their argument.
</p>
</div>
<p>
You can enter decimal values for any unit of measure. Different
units may be combined by adding them together (e.g. 1.5i+2m,
which gives a measure of 1-1/2 inches plus 2 ems).
</p>
<div class="box-tip" style="margin-right: 2.5em;">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
a pica is composed of 12 points, therefore 12.5 picas is 12
picas and 6 points, not 12 picas and 5 points. If you want 12
picas and 5 points, you have to enter the measure as 12P+5p.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="zerowidthcharacter">Zero-width character</dt>
<dd>
The
<a href="#inlines">inline escape</a>
that allows you to print a literal period, apostrophe and, if
<a href="#outputline">output lines</a>
are
<a href="#filled">filled</a>,
a space that falls at the beginning of an
<a href="#inputline">input line</a>.
It looks like this:
<span class="pre" style="margin-bottom: -2em;">
\&amp; <span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal">(i.e. a backslash followed by an ampersand)</span>
</span>
Normally, groff interprets a period (or an apostrophe) at the
beginning of an input line as meaning that what follows is a
<a href="#controllines">control line</a>.
In fill modes, groff treats a space at the beginning of an input
line as meaning &#8220;start a new line and put a space at the
beginning of it.&#8221; If you want groff to interpret periods
and apostrophes at the beginning of input lines literally (i.e.
to print them), or spaces at the beginning of input lines as just
garden variety word spaces, you must start the line with the
zero-width character.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="mom-terms" class="docs">Mom terms</h3>
<dl>
<dt id="baseline-grid">Baseline grid</dt>
<dd>
Virtual guide lines spaced according to the
<a href="#leading">leading</a>
established for running text. Adherence to the grid ensures that
text fills the page completely to the bottom margin. Uncorrected
deviations from the grid result in bottom margins that fall short.
</dd>
<dt id="controlmacro">Control macro</dt>
<dd>
Macros used in
<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing</a>
to control/alter the appearance of document elements (e.g.
headings, quotes, footnotes,
<a href="#header">headers</a>,
etc.).
</dd>
<dt id="docheader">Document header/docheader</dt>
<dd>
Document information (title, subtitle, author, etc) output at
the top of page one.
</dd>
<dt id="epigraph">Epigraph</dt>
<dd>
A short, usually cited passage that appears at the beginning of
a chapter, story, or other document.
</dd>
<dt id="float">Float</dt>
<dd>
A float is material intended to be kept together as a block.
Floated material that fits on a page in position is output on that
page. Floats that do not fit in position are deferred to the top
of the next page.
</dd>
<dt id="footer">Footer/page footer</dt>
<dd>
Document information (frequently author and title) output in
the bottom margin of pages after page one. Not to be
confused with footnotes, which are considered part of
<a href="#running">running text</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="head">Heading</dt>
<dd>
The title used to identify a section of a document. Headings
are hierarchic, corresponding to the notion of head, subhead,
subsubhead, etc.
</dd>
<dt id="header">Header/page header</dt>
<dd>
Document information (frequently author and title) output in the
top margin of pages after page one.
<div class="box-tip" style="margin-right: 2.5em;">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span> In terms of content and style,
headers and
<a href="#footer">footers</a>
are the same; they differ only in their placement on the page.
In most places in this documentation, references to the content
or style of headers applies equally to footers.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="linebreak">Linebreak/author linebreak</dt>
<dd>
A gap in the vertical flow of
<a href="#running">running text</a>,
frequently set off by typographic symbols such as asterisks or
daggers. Used to indicate a shift in the content of a document
(e.g. a scene change in a short story). Also commonly called a
scene break or a section break.
</dd>
<dt id="parahead">Paragraph head</dt>
<dd>
A heading joined to the body of a paragraph.
</dd>
<dt id="pdflink">PDF link</dt>
<dd>
A portion of text that, when clicked on in a PDF viewer, navigates
to a bookmarked location in a document, generally but not
exclusively a heading. It may also point to an external URL.
PDF links are usually coloured to make them stand out from the
surrounding text.
</dd>
<dt id="pdfoutline">PDF outline</dt>
<dd>
The hierarchically-arranged navigation outline provided by most PDF
viewers (e.g. Okular, Evince), typically in a panel to the left of
the document window, and usually labelled &#8220;Contents&#8221;.
</dd>
<dt id="quote">Quote</dt>
<dd>
A quote, to mom, is a line-for-line setting
of quoted material (e.g. poetry, song lyrics, or a snippet of
programming code). You don&#8217;t have to use
<a href="typesetting.html#br"><kbd>BR</kbd></a>
with quotes.
</dd>
<dt id="running">Running text</dt>
<dd>
In a document formatted with mom, running
text means text that forms the body of the document, including
elements such as headings.
<a href="#docheader">Docheaders</a>,
<a href="#header">headers</a>,
<a href="#footer">footers</a>
and page numbers are not part of running text.
</dd>
<dt id="toggle">Toggle</dt>
<dd>
A macro or tag that, when invoked without an argument, begins
something or turns a feature on, and, when invoked with ANY
argument, ends something or turns a feature off. See
<a href="intro.html#toggle-example">Example 3</a>
of the section
<a href="intro.html#macro-args">How to read macro arguments</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
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