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# Contributing to the tz code and data
Please do not create issues or pull requests on GitHub, as the
proper procedure for proposing and distributing patches is via
email as described below.
The time zone database is by no means authoritative: governments
change timekeeping rules erratically and sometimes with little
warning, the data entries do not cover all of civil time before
1970, and undoubtedly errors remain in the code and data. Feel
free to fill gaps or fix mistakes, and please email improvements
to <tz@iana.org> for use in the future. In your email, please give
reliable sources that reviewers can check. The mailing list and its
archives are public, so please do not send confidential information.
## Contributing technical changes
To email small changes, please run a POSIX shell command like
‘diff -u old/europe new/europe >myfix.patch’, and attach
‘myfix.patch’ to the email.
For more-elaborate or possibly controversial changes,
such as renaming, adding or removing zones, please read
“Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data”
<https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/theory.html>.
It is also good to browse the mailing list archives
<https://lists.iana.org/hyperkitty/list/tz@iana.org/>
for examples of patches that tend to work well.
Changes should contain commentary citing reliable sources.
Citations should use ‘https:’ URLs if available.
For changes that fix sensitive security-related bugs, please see the
distribution’s SECURITY file.
Please submit changes against either the latest release
<https://www.iana.org/time-zones> or the main branch of the development
repository. The latter is preferred.
## Sample Git workflow for developing contributions
If you use Git the following workflow may be helpful:
* Copy the development repository.
git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git
cd tz
* Get current with the main branch.
git checkout main
git pull
* Switch to a new branch for the changes. Choose a different
branch name for each change set.
git checkout -b mybranch
* Sleuth by using ‘git blame’. For example, when fixing data for
Africa/Sao_Tome, if the command ‘git blame africa’ outputs a line
‘2951fa3b (Paul Eggert 2018-01-08 09:03:13 -0800 1068) Zone
Africa/Sao_Tome 0:26:56 - LMT 1884’, commit 2951fa3b should
provide some justification for the ‘Zone Africa/Sao_Tome’ line.
* Edit source files. Include commentary that justifies the
changes by citing reliable sources.
* Debug the changes locally, e.g.:
make TOPDIR=$PWD/tz clean check install
./zdump -v America/Los_Angeles
Although builds assume only basic POSIX, they use extra features
if available. ‘make check’ accesses validator.w3.org unless you
lack ‘curl’ or use ‘make CURL=:’. If you have the latest GCC,
‘make CFLAGS='$(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS)'’ does extra checking.
* For each separable change, commit it in the new branch, e.g.:
git add northamerica
git commit
See recent ‘git log’ output for the commit-message style.
* Create patch files 0001-..., 0002-..., ...
git format-patch main
* Check that the patch files and your email setup contain only
information that you want to make public.
* After reviewing the patch files, send the patches to <tz@iana.org>
for others to review.
git send-email main
For an archived example of such an email, see
“[PROPOSED] Fix off-by-1 error for Jamaica and T&C before 1913”
<https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-February/026122.html>.
* Start anew by getting current with the main branch again
(the second step above).
-----
This file is in the public domain.

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Unless specified below, all files in the tz code and data (including
this LICENSE file) are in the public domain.
If the files date.c, newstrftime.3, and strftime.c are present, they
contain material derived from BSD and use the BSD 3-clause license.

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README for the tz distribution
“Where do I set the hands of the clock?” – Les Tremayne as The King
“Oh that – you can set them any place you want.” – Frank Baxter as The Scientist
(from the Bell System film “About Time”)
The Time Zone Database (called tz, tzdb or zoneinfo) contains code and
data that represent the history of local time for many representative
locations around the globe. It is updated periodically to reflect
changes made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets,
and daylight-saving rules.
See <https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tz-link.html> or the
file tz-link.html for how to acquire the code and data.
Once acquired, read the leading comments in the file ‘Makefile’
and make any changes needed to make things right for your system,
especially when using a platform other than current GNU/Linux.
Then run the following commands, substituting your desired
installation directory for ‘$HOME/tzdir’:
make TOPDIR="$HOME/tzdir" install
"$HOME/tzdir/usr/bin/zdump" -v America/Los_Angeles
See the file tz-how-to.html for examples of how to read the data files.
This database of historical local time information has several goals:
* Provide a compendium of data about the history of civil time that
is useful even if not 100% accurate.
* Give an idea of the variety of local time rules that have existed
in the past and thus may be expected in the future.
* Test the generality of the local time rule description system.
The information in the time zone data files is by no means authoritative;
fixes and enhancements are welcome. Please see the file CONTRIBUTING
for details.
Thanks to these Time Zone Caballeros who’ve made major contributions to the
time conversion package: Keith Bostic; Bob Devine; Paul Eggert; Robert Elz;
Guy Harris; Mark Horton; John Mackin; and Bradley White. Thanks also to
Michael Bloom, Art Neilson, Stephen Prince, John Sovereign, and Frank Wales
for testing work, and to Gwillim Law for checking local mean time data.
Thanks in particular to Arthur David Olson, the project’s founder and first
maintainer, to whom the time zone community owes the greatest debt of all.
None of them are responsible for remaining errors.
-----
This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
Arthur David Olson. The other files in this distribution are either
public domain or BSD licensed; see the file LICENSE for details.

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Please report any sensitive security-related bugs via email to the
tzdb designated coordinators, currently Paul Eggert
<eggert@cs.ucla.edu> and Tim Parenti <tim@timtimeonline.com>.
Put “tzdb security” at the start of your email’s subject line.
We prefer communications to be in English.
You should receive a response within a week. If not, please follow up
via email to make sure we received your original message.
If we confirm the bug, we plan to notify affected third-party services
or software that we know about, prepare an advisory, commit fixes to
the main development branch as quickly as is practical, and finally
publish the advisory on tz@iana.org. As with all tzdb contributions,
we give credit to security contributors unless they wish to remain
anonymous.

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----- Calendrical issues -----
As mentioned in Theory.html, although calendrical issues are out of
scope for tzdb, they indicate the sort of problems that we would run
into if we extended tzdb further into the past. The following
information and sources go beyond Theory.html's brief discussion.
They sometimes disagree.
France
Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
Russia
Soviet Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1918-02-14.
It also used 5- and 6-day work weeks at times, in parallel with the
Gregorian calendar; see <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_calendar>.
Sweden (and Finland)
From: Mark Brader
Subject: Re: Gregorian reform - a part of locale?
<news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>
Date: 1996-07-06
In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
year after 1696 would be in 1744 - putting the whole country on a calendar
different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
year!...
Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
(A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
produced the following references to support it: "Tideräkning och historia"
by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tideräkning och
kalenderväsen" by Lars-Olof Lodén (1968).
Grotefend's data
From: "Michael Palmer" [with two obvious typos fixed]
Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question
Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
...
The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of
European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the
Gregorian calendar:
04/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman
Catholics and Danzig only)
09/20 Dec 1582 - France, Lorraine
21 Dec 1582/
01 Jan 1583 - Holland, Brabant, Flanders, Hennegau
10/21 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Liege (Lüttich)
13/24 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Augsburg
04/15 Oct 1583 - electorate of Trier
05/16 Oct 1583 - Bavaria, bishoprics of Freising, Eichstedt, Regensburg,
Salzburg, Brixen
13/24 Oct 1583 - Austrian Oberelsaß and Breisgau
20/31 Oct 1583 - bishopric of Basel
02/13 Nov 1583 - duchy of Jülich-Berg
02/13 Nov 1583 - electorate and city of Köln
04/15 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Würzburg
11/22 Nov 1583 - electorate of Mainz
16/27 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Strassburg and the margraviate of Baden
17/28 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Münster and duchy of Cleve
14/25 Dec 1583 - Steiermark
06/17 Jan 1584 - Austria and Bohemia
11/22 Jan 1584 - Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn
12/23 Jan 1584 - Silesia and the Lausitz
22 Jan/
02 Feb 1584 - Hungary (legally on 21 Oct 1587)
Jun 1584 - Unterwalden
01/12 Jul 1584 - duchy of Westfalen
16/27 Jun 1585 - bishopric of Paderborn
14/25 Dec 1590 - Transylvania
22 Aug/
02 Sep 1612 - duchy of Prussia
13/24 Dec 1614 - Pfalz-Neuburg
1617 - duchy of Kurland (reverted to the Julian calendar in
1796)
1624 - bishopric of Osnabrück
1630 - bishopric of Minden
15/26 Mar 1631 - bishopric of Hildesheim
1655 - Kanton Wallis
05/16 Feb 1682 - city of Strassburg
18 Feb/
01 Mar 1700 - Protestant Germany (including Swedish possessions in
Germany), Denmark, Norway
30 Jun/
12 Jul 1700 - Gelderland, Zutphen
10 Nov/
12 Dec 1700 - Utrecht, Overijssel
31 Dec 1700/
12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Zürich, Bern, Basel, Geneva,
Thurgau, and Schaffhausen
1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen
01 Jan 1750 - Pisa and Florence
02/14 Sep 1752 - Great Britain
17 Feb/
01 Mar 1753 - Sweden
1760-1812 - Graubünden
The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not
convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917.
Source: H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen
Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend
(Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.
-----
This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
Arthur David Olson.
-----
Local Variables:
coding: utf-8
End:

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<style>
ul {padding-left: 1.3rem;}
</style>
<title>Time and the Arts</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Time and the Arts</h1>
<h2>Documentaries</h2>
<ul>
<li>
“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84aWtseb2-4">Daylight
Saving Time Explained</a>” (2011; 6:39) lightly covers daylight saving
time’s theory, history, pros and cons. Among other things, it explains
Arizona’s daylight-saving enclaves quite well.
</li>
<li>
“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5wpm-gesOY">The Problem
with Time &amp; Timezones – Computerphile</a>” (2013; 10:12) delves
into problems that programmers have with timekeeping.
</li>
<li>
“<a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/all-the-time-in-the-world/28375932.html">All
The Time In The World: Explaining The Mysteries Of Time Zones</a>” (2017; 2:15)
briefly says why France has more time zones than Russia.
</li>
<li>
“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRz-Dl60Lfc">Why Denmark used to be
.04 seconds behind the world</a>” (2019; 6:29) explains why the United Kingdom
– and, once, Denmark – haven’t always exactly followed their own
laws about civil time.
</li>
<li>
“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfzsBMUiGGQ">How Daylight Savings
Broke this $24 Million Building</a>” (2025; 5:01) describes the system of
mirrors used at Melbourne’s Shrine of Remembrance to ensure the sun’s light
still hits at the “correct” ceremonial hour to commemorate the Armistice which
ended World War I.
</li>
<li>
“About Time” (1962; 59 minutes) is part of the
Bell Science extravaganza, with Frank Baxter, Richard Deacon, and Les Tremayne.
Its advisor was Richard Feynman, and it was voiced by Mel Blanc.
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154110/">IMDb entry</a>.)
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Movies</h2>
<ul>
<li>
In the 1946 movie <em>A Matter of Life and Death</em>
(U.S. title <em>Stairway to Heaven</em>)
there is a reference to British Double Summer Time.
The time does not play a large part in the plot;
it’s just a passing reference to the time when one of the
characters was supposed to have died (but didn’t).
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038733/">IMDb entry.</a>)
(Dave Cantor)
</li>
<li>
The 1953 railway comedy movie <em>The Titfield Thunderbolt</em> includes a
play on words on British Double Summer Time. Valentine’s wife wants
him to leave the pub and asks him, “Do you know what time it is?”
And he, happy where he is, replies: “Yes, my love. Summer double time.”
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046436/">IMDb entry.</a>)
(Mark Brader, 2009-10-02)
</li>
<li>
The premise of the 1999 caper movie <em>Entrapment</em> involves computers
in an international banking network being shut down briefly at
midnight in each time zone to avoid any problems at the transition
from the year 1999 to 2000 in that zone. (Hmmmm.) If this shutdown
is extended by 10 seconds, it will create a one-time opportunity for
a gigantic computerized theft. To achieve this, at one location the
crooks interfere with the microwave system supplying time signals to
the computer, advancing the time by 0.1 second each minute over the
last hour of 1999. (So this movie teaches us that 0.1 × 60 = 10.)
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137494/">IMDb entry.</a>)
(Mark Brader, 2009-10-02)
</li>
<li>
One mustn’t forget the
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4EUTMPuvHo">trailer</a>
(2014; 2:23) for the movie <em>Daylight Saving</em>.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>TV episodes</h2>
<ul>
<li>
An episode of <em>The Adventures of Superman</em> entitled “The Mysterious
Cube”, first aired 1958-02-24, had Superman convincing the controllers
of the Arlington Time Signal to broadcast ahead of actual time;
doing so got a crook trying to be declared dead to
emerge a bit too early from the titular enclosure.
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0506628/">IMDb entry</a>.)
</li>
<li>
“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chimes_of_Big_Ben">The Chimes
of Big Ben</a>”, <em>The Prisoner</em>, episode 2, ITC, 1967-10-06.
Our protagonist tumbles to
the fraudulent nature of a Poland-to-England escape upon hearing Big
Ben chiming on Polish local time.
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0679185/">IMDb entry.</a>)
</li>
<li>
“The Susie”, <em>Seinfeld</em>, season 8, episode 15, NBC, 1997-02-13.
Kramer decides that daylight saving time
isn’t coming fast enough, so he sets his watch ahead an hour.
</li>
<li>
“20 Hours in America”, <em>The West Wing</em>, season 4, episodes 1–2,
2002-09-25, contained a <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-J1NHzQ1sgc">scene</a> that
saw White House staffers stranded in Indiana; they thought they had time to
catch Air Force One but were done in by intra-Indiana local time changes.
</li>
<li>
“In what time zone would you find New York City?” was a $200 question on
the 1999-11-13 United States airing of <em>Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?</em>,
and “In 1883, what industry led the movement to divide the U.S. into four time
zones?” was a $32,000 question on the 2001-05-23 United States airing of
the same show. At this rate, the million-dollar time-zone
question should have been asked 2002-06-04.
</li>
<li>
A private jet’s mid-flight change of time zones distorts Alison Dubois’
premonition in the “We Had a Dream” episode of <em>Medium</em>
(originally aired 2007-02-28).
</li>
<li>
A criminal’s failure to account for the start of daylight saving is pivotal
in “<a href="https://monk.fandom.com/wiki/Mr._Monk_and_the_Rapper">Mr. Monk
and the Rapper</a>” (first aired 2007-07-20).
</li>
<li>
In the <em>30 Rock</em> episode “Anna Howard Shaw Day”
(first broadcast 2010-02-11),
Jack Donaghy’s date realizes that a Geneva-to-New-York business phone call
received in the evening must be fake given the difference in local times.
</li>
<li>
In the “Run by the Monkeys” episode of <em>Da Vinci’s Inquest</em>
(first broadcast 2002-11-17),
a witness in a five-year-old fire case realizes they may not have set
their clock back when daylight saving ended on the day of the fire,
introducing the possibility of an hour when arson might have occurred.
</li>
<li>
In “The Todd Couple” episode of <em>Outsourced</em> (first aired 2011-02-10),
Manmeet sets up Valentine’s Day teledates for 6:00 and 9:00pm;
since one is with a New Yorker and the other with a San Franciscan,
hilarity ensues.
(Never mind that this should be 7:30am in Mumbai, yet for some reason the show
proceeds as though it’s also mid-evening there.)
</li>
<li>
In the “14 Days to Go”/“T Minus...” episode of
<em>You, Me and the Apocalypse</em>
(first aired 2015-11-11 in the UK, 2016-03-10 in the US),
the success of a mission to deal with a comet
hinges on whether or not Russia observes daylight saving time.
(In the US,
the episode first aired in the week before the switch to <abbr>DST</abbr>.)
</li>
<li>
“The Lost Hour”, <em>Eerie, Indiana</em>, episode 10, NBC, 1991-12-01.
Despite Indiana’s then-lack of <abbr>DST</abbr>,
Marshall changes his clock with unusual consequences.
See “<a
href="https://www.avclub.com/eerie-indiana-was-a-few-dimensions-ahead-of-its-time-1819833380"><em>Eerie,
Indiana</em> was a few dimensions ahead of its time</a>”.
</li>
<li>
“Time Tunnel”, <em>The Adventures of Pete &amp; Pete</em>,
season 2, episode 5, Nickelodeon, 1994-10-23.
The two Petes travel back in time an hour
on the day that <abbr>DST</abbr> ends.
</li>
<li>
“King-Size Homer”, <em>The Simpsons</em>, episode 135, Fox, 1995-11-05.
Homer, working from home, remarks “8:58, first
time I’ve ever been early for work. Except for all those daylight
savings days. Lousy farmers.”
</li>
<li>
<em>Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</em>, season 2, episode 5, 2015-03-08,
asked, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br0NW9ufUUw">Daylight
Saving Time – How Is This Still A Thing?</a>”
</li>
<li>
“Tracks”, <em>The Good Wife</em>, season 7, episode 12,
CBS, 2016-01-17.
The applicability of a contract hinges on the
time zone associated with a video timestamp.
</li>
<li>
“Justice”, <em>Veep</em>, season 6, episode 4, HBO, 2017-05-07.
Jonah’s inability to understand <abbr>DST</abbr> ends up impressing a wealthy
backer who sets him up for a 2020 presidential run.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Books, plays, and magazines</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Jules Verne, <em>Around the World in Eighty Days</em>
(<em>Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours</em>), 1873.
Wall-clock time plays a central role in the plot.
European readers of the 1870s clearly held the U.S. press in
deep contempt; the protagonists cross the U.S. without once
reading a paper.
Available versions include
<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/103">an English
translation</a>, and
<a href="https://fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/tdm80j/">the original French</a>
“with illustrations from the original 1873 French-language edition”.
</li>
<li>
Nick Enright, <em>Daylight Saving</em>, 1989.
A fast-paced comedy about love and loneliness as the clocks turn back.
</li>
<li>
Umberto Eco,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Day_Before"><em>The
Island of the Day Before</em></a>
(<em>L’isola del giorno prima</em>), 1994.
“...the story of a 17th century Italian nobleman trapped near an island
on the International Date Line. Time and time zones play an integral
part in the novel.” (Paul Eggert, 2006-04-22)
</li>
<li>
John Dunning, <a
href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Two-OClock-Eastern-Wartime/John-Dunning/9781439171530"><em>Two
O’Clock, Eastern Wartime</em></a>, 2001.
Mystery, history, daylight saving time, and old-time radio.
</li>
<li>
Surrealist artist Guy Billout’s work “Date Line”
appeared on page 103 of the 1999-11 <em>Atlantic Monthly</em>.
</li>
<li>
“Gloom, Gloom, Go Away” by Walter Kirn appeared on page 106 of <em>Time</em>
magazine’s 2002-11-11 issue; among other things, it proposed
year-round <abbr>DST</abbr> as a way of lessening wintertime despair.
</li>
<li>
Cory Doctorow, <a
href="https://craphound.com/est/download/"><em>Eastern Standard Tribe</em></a>,
2004. The world splinters into tribes characterized by their timezones.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Music</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Recordings of “Save That Time”, Russ Long, Serrob Publishing, BMI:
<ul>
<li>
Karrin Allyson, <em>I Didn’t Know About You</em> (1993), track 11, 3:44.
Concord Jazz CCD-4543.
Karrin Allyson, vocal;
Russ Long, piano;
Gerald Spaits, bass;
Todd Strait, drums.
CD notes “additional lyric by Karrin Allyson;
arranged by Russ Long and Karrin Allyson”.
ADO ★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/i-didnt-know-about-you-mw0000618657">AMG</a>
★★★★, Penguin ★★★⯪.
</li>
<li>
Kevin Mahogany, <em>Double Rainbow</em> (1993), track 3, 6:27. Enja ENJ-7097 2.
Kevin Mahogany, vocal;
Kenny Barron, piano;
Ray Drummond, bass;
Ralph Moore, tenor saxophone;
Lewis Nash, drums.
ADO ★⯪,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/double-rainbow-mw0000620371">AMG</a>
★★★, Penguin ★★★.
</li>
<li>
Joe Williams, <em>Here’s to Life</em> (1994), track 7, 3:58.
Telarc Jazz CD-83357.
Joe Williams, vocal; The Robert Farnon [39 piece] Orchestra.
Also in a 3-CD package “Triple Play”, Telarc CD-83461.
ADO •,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/heres-to-life-mw0000623648">AMG</a>
★★, Penguin ★★★.
</li>
<li>
Charles Fambrough, <em>Keeper of the Spirit</em> (1995), track 7, 7:07.
AudioQuest AQ-CD1033.
Charles Fambrough, bass;
Joel Levine, tenor recorder;
Edward Simon, piano;
Lenny White, drums;
Marion Simon, percussion.
ADO ★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/keeper-of-the-spirit-mw0000176559">AMG</a>
unrated, Penguin ★★★.
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Holly Cole Trio, Blame It On My Youth (1992). Manhattan CDP 7 97349 2, 37:45.
Holly Cole, voice;
Aaron Davis, piano;
David Piltch, string bass.
Lyrical reference to “Eastern Standard Time” in
Tom Waits’s “Purple Avenue”.
ADO ★★⯪,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/blame-it-on-my-youth-mw0000274303">AMG</a>
★★★, Penguin unrated.
</li>
<li>
Milt Hinton,
<a href="https://chiaroscurojazz.org/catalog/old-man-time-2-cd-set/"><em>Old
Man Time</em></a> (1990).
Chiaroscuro CR(D) 310, 149:38 (two CDs).
Milt Hinton, bass;
Doc Cheatham, Dizzy Gillespie, Clark Terry, trumpet;
Al Grey, trombone;
Eddie Barefield, Joe Camel (Flip Phillips), Buddy Tate,
clarinet and saxophone;
John Bunch, Red Richards, Norman Simmons, Derek Smith,
Ralph Sutton, piano;
Danny Barker, Al Casey, guitar;
Gus Johnson, Gerryck King, Bob Rosengarden, Jackie Williams,
drums;
Lionel Hampton, vibraphone;
Cab Calloway, Joe Williams, vocal;
Buck Clayton, arrangements.
Tunes include “Old Man Time”, “Time After Time”,
“Sometimes I’m Happy”,
“A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight”,
“Four or Five Times”, “Now’s the Time”,
“Time on My Hands”, “This Time It’s Us”,
and “Good Time Charlie”.
ADO ★★★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/old-man-time-mw0000269353">AMG</a>
★★★★⯪, Penguin ★★★.
</li>
<li>
Alan Broadbent, <em>Pacific Standard Time</em> (1995).
Concord Jazz CCD-4664, 62:42.
Alan Broadbent, piano;
Putter Smith, Bass;
Frank Gibson, Jr., drums.
The CD cover features an analemma for equation-of-time fans.
ADO ★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/pacific-standard-time-mw0000645433">AMG</a>
★★★★, Penguin ★★★⯪.
</li>
<li>
Anthony Braxton/Richard Teitelbaum, <em>Silence/Time Zones</em> (1996).
Black Lion BLCD 760221, 72:58.
Anthony Braxton, sopranino and alto saxophones,
contrebasse clarinet, miscellaneous instruments;
Leo Smith, trumpet and miscellaneous instruments;
Leroy Jenkins, violin and miscellaneous instruments;
Richard Teitelbaum, modular moog and micromoog synthesizer.
ADO •,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/silence-time-zones-mw0000595735">AMG</a>
★★★★.
</li>
<li>
Charles Gayle, <em>Time Zones</em> (2006). Tompkins Square TSQ2839, 49:06.
Charles Gayle, piano.
ADO ★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/time-zones-mw0000349642">AMG</a>
★★★★⯪.
</li>
<li>
The Get Up Kids, <em>Eudora</em> (2001). Vagrant 357, 65:12.
Includes the song “Central Standard Time”.
Thanks to Colin Bowern for this information.
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/eudora-mw0000592063">AMG</a>
★★⯪.
</li>
<li>
Coldplay, “Clocks” (2003).
Capitol 52608, 4:13.
Won the 2004 Record of the Year honor at the
Grammy Awards. Co-written and performed by Chris Martin,
great-great-grandson of <abbr>DST</abbr> inventor William Willett.
The song’s first line is “Lights go out and I can’t be saved”.
</li>
<li>
Jaime Guevara, “<a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfN4Fe_A50U">Qué
hora es</a>” (1993), 3:04.
The song protested “Sixto Hour” in Ecuador
(1992–3). Its lyrics include “Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los
guaguas iban a clase sin sol” (“It was dawning in the middle of the
night, the buses went to class without sun”).
</li>
<li>
Irving Kahal and Harry Richman,
“There Ought to be a Moonlight Saving Time” (1931).
This musical standard was a No. 1 hit for Guy Lombardo
in 1931, and was also performed by Maurice Chevalier, Blossom Dearie
and many others. The phrase “Moonlight saving time” also appears in
the 1995 country song “Not Enough Hours in the Night” written by Aaron
Barker, Kim Williams and Rob Harbin and performed by Doug
Supernaw.
</li>
<li>
The Microscopic Septet, <em>Lobster Leaps In</em> (2008).
Cuneiform 272, 73:05.
Includes the song “Twilight Time Zone”.
ADO ★★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/lobster-leaps-in-mw0000794929">AMG</a>
★★★⯪.
</li>
<li>
Bob Dylan, <em>The Times They Are a-Changin’</em> (1964).
Columbia CK-8905, 45:36.
ADO ★⯪,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-times-they-a-changin-mw0000202344">AMG</a>
★★★★⯪.
The title song is also available on “Bob Dylan’s Greatest Hits”
and “The Essential Bob Dylan”.
</li>
<li>
Luciana Souza, <em>Tide</em> (2009). Universal Jazz France B0012688-02, 42:31.
ADO ★★⯪,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/tide-mw0000815692">AMG</a>
★★★⯪.
Includes the song “Fire and Wood” with the lyric
“The clocks were turned back you remember/Think it’s still November.”
</li>
<li>
Ken Nordine, <em>You’re Getting Better: The Word Jazz Dot Masters</em> (2005).
Geffen B0005171-02, 156:22.
ADO ★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/youre-getting-better-the-word-jazz-dot-masters-mw0000736197">AMG</a>
★★★★⯪.
Includes the piece “What Time Is It”
(“He knew what time it was everywhere...that counted”).
</li>
<li>
Chicago, <em>Chicago Transit Authority</em> (1969). Columbia 64409, 1:16:20.
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/chicago-transit-authority-mw0000189364">AMG</a> ★★★★.
Includes the song “Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?”.
</li>
<li>
Emanuele Arciuli,
<a href="https://williamduckworth.bandcamp.com/album/the-time-curve-preludes"><em>The Time Curve Preludes</em></a> (2023).
Neuma 174, 44:46.
The title piece, composed by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duckworth_(composer)">William
Duckworth</a>, is the first work of postminimal music.
Unlike minimalism, it does not assume that the listener has plenty of time.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Comics</h2>
<ul>
<li>
The webcomic <em>xkcd</em> has the strips
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/673/">The Sun</a>” (2009-12-09),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1655/">Doomsday Clock</a>” (2016-03-14) and
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2549/">Edge Cake</a>” (2021-12-01),
along with the panels
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/448/">Good Morning</a>” (2008-07-11),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1017/">Backward in Time</a>” (2012-02-14),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1061/">EST</a>” (2012-05-28),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1179/">ISO 8601</a>” (2013-02-27),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1335/">Now</a>” (2014-02-26),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1799/">Bad Map Projection: Time Zones</a>”
(2017-02-15),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1883/">Supervillain Plan</a>” (2017-08-30),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2050/">6/6 Time</a>” (2018-09-24),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2092/">Consensus New Year</a>” (2018-12-31),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2266/">Leap Smearing</a>” (2020-02-10),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2594/">Consensus Time</a>” (2022-03-16),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2846/">Daylight Saving Choice</a>” (2023-10-25),
“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2854/">Date Line</a>” (2023-11-13),
and “<a href="https://xkcd.com/2867/">DateTime</a>” (2023-12-13).
The related book <em>What If?</em> has an entry
“<a href="https://what-if.xkcd.com/26/">Leap Seconds</a>” (2012-12-31).
</li>
<li>
Pig kills time in <a
href="https://www.gocomics.com/pearlsbeforeswine/2016/11/06"><em>Pearls
Before Swine</em> (2016-11-06)</a>.
</li>
<li>
Stonehenge is abandoned in <a
href="https://www.gocomics.com/nonsequitur/2017/03/12"><em>Non Sequitur</em>
(2017-03-12)</a>.
</li>
<li>
Caulfield proposes changing clocks just once a year in
<a href="https://www.gocomics.com/frazz/2023/12/31"><em>Frazz</em>
(2023-12-31)</a>, while Peter and Jason go multi-lingual and -zonal in
<a href="https://www.gocomics.com/foxtrot/2023/12/31"><em>FoxTrot</em>
(the same day)</a>.
</li>
<li>
Peppermint Patty: “What if the world comes to an end tonight, Marcie?”
<br>
Marcie: “I promise there’ll be a tomorrow, sir ... in fact,
it’s already tomorrow in Australia!”
<br>
(Charles M. Schulz,
<a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13"><em>Peanuts</em>,
1980-06-13</a>)
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Jokes</h2>
<ul>
<li>
The idea behind daylight saving time was first proposed as a joke by
Benjamin Franklin. To enforce it, he suggested, “Every
morning, as soon as the sun rises, let all the bells in every church
be set ringing; and if that is not sufficient, let cannon be fired in
every street, to wake the sluggards effectually, and make them open
their eyes to see their true interest. All the difficulty will be in
the first two or three days: after which the reformation will be as
natural and easy as the present irregularity; for, <em>ce n’est que le
premier pas qui coûte</em>.”
<a href="https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html">Franklin’s
joke</a> was first published on 1784-04-26 by the
<em>Journal de Paris</em> as <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin-Benjamin-Journal-de-Paris-1784.jpg">an
anonymous letter translated into French</a>.
</li>
<li>
“We’ve been using the five-cent nickel in this country since 1492.
Now that’s pretty near 100 years, daylight saving.”
(Groucho Marx as Captain Spaulding in <em>Animal Crackers</em>, 1930,
as noted by Will Fitzgerald)
</li>
<li>
BRADY. ...[Bishop Usher] determined that the Lord began the Creation
on the 23rd of October in the Year 4,004 B.C. at – uh, 9 A.M.!
<br>
DRUMMOND. That Eastern Standard Time? (<em>Laughter.</em>) Or Rocky Mountain
Time? (<em>More laughter.</em>) It wasn’t daylight-saving time, was it? Because
the Lord didn’t make the sun until the fourth day!
<br>
(From the play <em>Inherit the Wind</em> by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee,
filmed in 1960 with Spencer Tracy as Drummond and Fredric March as
Brady, and several other times. Thanks to Mark Brader.)
</li>
<li>
“Good news.”
“What did they do? Extend Daylight Saving Time year round?”
(Professional tanner George Hamilton, in dialog from a
May, 1999 episode of the syndicated television series <em>Baywatch</em>)
</li>
<li>
“A fundamental belief held by Americans is that if you are on land, you
cannot be killed by a fish...So most Americans remain on land, believing
they’re safe. Unfortunately, this belief – like so many myths, such as that
there’s a reason for ‘Daylight Saving Time’ – is false.”
(Dave Barry column, 2000-07-02)
</li>
<li>
“I once had sex for an hour and five minutes, but that was on the day
when you turn the clocks ahead.”
(Garry Shandling, 52nd Annual Emmys, 2000-09-10)
</li>
<li>
“Would it impress you if I told you I invented Daylight Savings Time?”
(“Sahjhan” to “Lilah” in dialog from the “Loyalty” episode of <em>Angel</em>,
originally aired 2002-02-25)
</li>
<li>
“I thought you said Tulsa was a three-hour flight.”
“Well, you’re forgetting about the time difference.”
(“Joey” and “Chandler” in dialog from the
episode of <em>Friends</em> entitled “The One With
Rachel’s Phone Number”, originally aired 2002-12-05)
</li>
<li>
“Is that a pertinent fact,
or are you just trying to dazzle me with your command of time zones?”
(Kelsey Grammer as “Frasier Crane” to “Roz”
from the episode of <em>Frasier</em> entitled “The Kid”,
originally aired 1997-11-04)
</li>
<li>
“I put myself and my staff through this crazy, huge ordeal, all because
I refused to go on at midnight, okay? And so I work, you know, and
then I get this job at eleven, supposed to be a big deal. Then
yesterday daylight [saving] time ended. Right now it’s basically midnight.”
(Conan O’Brien on the 2010-11-08 premiere of <em>Conan</em>)
</li>
<li>
“The best method, I told folks, was to hang a large clock high on a
barn wall where all the cows could see it. If you have Holsteins, you
will need to use an analog clock.” (Jerry Nelson, “<a
href="https://www.agriculture.com/family/farm-humor/how-to-adjust-dairy-cows-to-daylight-savings-time">How
to adjust dairy cows to daylight saving time</a>”,
<em>Successful Farming</em>, 2017-10-09)
</li>
<li>
“And now, driving to California, I find that I must enter a password
in order to change the time zone on my laptop clock. Evidently,
someone is out to mess up my schedule and my clock must be secured.”
(Garrison Keillor,
“<a href="https://www.garrisonkeillor.com/weve-never-been-here-before/">We’ve
never been here before</a>”, 2017-08-22)
</li>
<li>
“Well, in my time zone that’s all the time I have,
but maybe in your time zone I haven’t finished yet. So stay tuned!”
(Goldie Hawn, <em>Rowan &amp; Martin’s Laugh-In</em> No. 65, 1970-03-09)
</li>
</ul>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="tz-link.html">Time Zone and Daylight Saving
Time Data</a></li>
</ul>
<footer>
<hr>
This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
<br>
Please send corrections to this web page to the
<a href="mailto:tz@iana.org">time zone mailing list</a>.
The mailing list and its archives are public,
so please do not send confidential information.
</footer>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>How to Read the tz Database</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<style>
pre {margin-left: 1.3rem; overflow: auto;}
td {text-align: center;}
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<body>
<h2>How to Read the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz
Database</a> Source Files</h2>
<h3>by Bill Seymour</h3>
<p>This guide uses the <code>America/Chicago</code> and
<code>Pacific/Honolulu</code> zones as examples of how to infer
times of day from the <a href="tz-link.html">tz database</a>
source files. It might be helpful, but not absolutely necessary,
for the reader to have already downloaded the
latest release of the database and become familiar with the basic layout
of the data files. The format is explained in the “man page”
for the zic compiler, <code>zic.8.txt</code>, in
the <code>code</code> subdirectory.
Although this guide covers many of the common cases, it is not a
complete summary of what zic accepts; the man page is the
authoritative reference.</p>
<p>We’ll begin by talking about the rules for changing between standard
and daylight saving time since we’ll need that information when we talk
about the zones.</p>
<p>First, let’s consider the special daylight saving time rules
for Chicago (from the <code>northamerica</code> file in
the <code>data</code> subdirectory):</p>
<pre>#Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER
Rule Chicago 1920 only - Jun 13 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Chicago 1920 1921 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Chicago 1921 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Chicago 1922 1966 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Chicago 1922 1954 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Chicago 1955 1966 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
</pre>
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="6">Reformatted a Bit</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>From</th>
<th>To</th>
<th colspan="2">On</th>
<th>At</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">1920 only</td>
<td colspan="2">June 13<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
<td rowspan="6">02:00 local</td>
<td>go to daylight saving time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1920</td>
<td>1921</td>
<td rowspan="5">last Sunday</td>
<td>in October</td>
<td>return to standard time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">1921 only</td>
<td>in March</td>
<td rowspan="2">go to daylight saving time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">1922</td>
<td>1966</td>
<td>in April</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1954</td>
<td>in September</td>
<td rowspan="2">return to standard time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1955</td>
<td>1966</td>
<td>in October</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The <code>FROM</code> and <code>TO</code> columns, respectively, specify the
first and last calendar years defining a contiguous range over which a specific
Rule line is to apply. The keyword <code>only</code> can be used in the
<code>TO</code> field to repeat the value of the <code>FROM</code> field in the
event that a rule should only apply to a single year. Often, the keyword
<code>max</code> is used to extend a rule’s application into the
indefinite future; it is a platform-agnostic stand-in for the largest
representable year.
<p>The next column, <code>-</code>, is reserved; for compatibility with earlier
releases, it always contains a hyphen, which acts as a kind of null value.
Prior to the 2020b release, it was called the <code>TYPE</code> field, though
it had not been used in the main data since the 2000e release.
An obsolescent supplementary file used the
field as a proof-of-concept to allow <code>zic</code> to apply a given Rule
line only to certain “types” of years within the specified range as
dictated by the output of a separate script, such as: only years which would
have a US presidential election, or only years which wouldn’t.
<p>The <code>SAVE</code> column contains the local (wall clock) offset from
local standard time.
This is usually either zero for standard time or one hour for daylight
saving time; but there’s no reason, in principle, why it can’t
take on other values.
<p>The <code>LETTER</code> (sometimes called <code>LETTER/S</code>)
column can contain a variable
part of the usual abbreviation of the time zone’s name, or it can just
be a hyphen if there’s no variable part. For example, the abbreviation
used in the central time zone will be either “CST” or “CDT”.
The variable part is ‘S’ or ‘D’;
and, sure enough, that’s just what we find in
the <code>LETTER</code> column
in the <code>Chicago</code> rules. More about this when we talk about
“Zone” lines.
<p>One important thing to notice is that “Rule” lines
want at once to be both <i>transitions</i> and <i>steady states</i>:
<ul>
<li>On the one hand, they represent transitions between standard and
daylight saving time; and any number of Rule lines can be in effect
during a given period (which will always be a non-empty set of
contiguous calendar years).</li>
<li>On the other hand, the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code>
columns contain state that exists between transitions. More about this
when we talk about the US rules.</li>
</ul>
<p>In the example above, the transition to daylight saving time
happened on the 13<small><sup>th</sup></small> of June in 1920, and on
the last Sunday in March in 1921; but the return to standard time
happened on the last Sunday in October in both of those
years. Similarly, the rule for changing to daylight saving time was
the same from 1922 to 1966; but the rule for returning to standard
time changed in 1955. Got it?</p>
<p>OK, now for the somewhat more interesting “US” rules:</p>
<pre>#Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule US 1918 1919 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule US 1918 1919 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule US 1942 only - Feb 9 2:00 1:00 W # War
Rule US 1945 only - Aug 14 23:00u 1:00 P # Peace
Rule US 1945 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 S
Rule US 1967 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule US 1967 1973 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule US 1974 only - Jan 6 2:00 1:00 D
Rule US 1975 only - Feb 23 2:00 1:00 D
Rule US 1976 1986 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule US 1987 2006 - Apr Sun&gt;=1 2:00 1:00 D
Rule US 2007 max - Mar Sun&gt;=8 2:00 1:00 D
Rule US 2007 max - Nov Sun&gt;=1 2:00 0 S
</pre>
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="6">Reformatted a Bit</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>From</th>
<th>To</th>
<th colspan="2">On</th>
<th>At</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">1918</td>
<td rowspan="2">1919</td>
<td rowspan="2">last Sunday</td>
<td>in March</td>
<td rowspan="3">02:00 local</td>
<td>go to daylight saving time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>in October</td>
<td>return to standard time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">1942 only</td>
<td colspan="2">February 9<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
<td>go to “war time”</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">1945 only</td>
<td colspan="2">August 14<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
<td>23:00 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a></td>
<td>
rename “war time” to “peace<br>time;”
clocks don’t change
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">September 30<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
<td rowspan="9">02:00 local</td>
<td rowspan="2">return to standard time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">1967</td>
<td>2006</td>
<td rowspan="2">last Sunday</td>
<td>in October</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1973</td>
<td>in April</td>
<td rowspan="6">go to daylight saving time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">1974 only</td>
<td colspan="2">January 6<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">1975 only</td>
<td colspan="2">February 23<small><sup>rd</sup></small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1976</td>
<td>1986</td>
<td>last Sunday</td>
<td rowspan="2">in April</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1987</td>
<td>2006</td>
<td>first Sunday</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">2007</td>
<td rowspan="2">present</td>
<td colspan="2">second Sunday in March</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">first Sunday in November</td>
<td>return to standard time</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>There are two interesting things to note here.</p>
<p>First, the time that something happens (in the <code>AT</code>
column) is not necessarily the local (wall clock) time. The time can be
suffixed with ‘s’ (for “standard”) to mean
local standard time, different from local (wall clock) time when observing
daylight saving time; or it can be suffixed with ‘g’,
‘u’, or ‘z’, all three of which mean the
standard time at the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian">prime meridian</a>.
‘g’ stands for “<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">GMT</a>”;
‘u’ stands for “<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>” or “<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">UTC</a>”
(whichever was official at the time); ‘z’ stands for the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time">nautical time zone</a>
Z (a.k.a. “Zulu” which, in turn, stands for ‘Z’).
The time can also be suffixed with ‘w’ meaning local (wall
clock) time; but it usually isn’t because that’s the
default.</p>
<p>Second, the day in the <code>ON</code> column, in addition to
“<code>lastSun</code>” or a particular day of the month,
can have the form, “<code>Sun&gt;=</code><i>x</i>” or
“<code>Sun&lt;=</code><i>x</i>,” where <i>x</i> is a day
of the month. For example, “<code>Sun&gt;=8</code>” means
“the first Sunday on or after the eighth of the month,” in
other words, the second Sunday of the month. Furthermore, although
there are no examples above, the weekday needn’t be
“<code>Sun</code>” in either form, but can be the usual
three-character English abbreviation for any day of the week.</p>
<p>And the US rules give us more examples of a couple of things
already mentioned:</p>
<ul>
<li>The rules for changing to and from daylight saving time are
actually <i>different sets</i> of rules; and the two sets can change
independently. Consider, for example, that the rule for the return to
standard time stayed the same from 1967 to 2006; but the rule for the
transition to daylight saving time changed several times in the same
period. There can also be periods, 1946 to 1966 for example, when no
rule from this group is in effect, and so either no transition
happened in those years, or some other rule is in effect (perhaps a
state or other more local rule).</li>
<li>The <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> columns
contain <i>steady state</i>, not transitions. Consider, for example,
the transition from “war time” to “peace time”
that happened on August 14, 1945. The “1:00” in
the <code>SAVE</code> column is <i>not</i> an instruction to advance
the clock an hour. It means that clocks should <i>be</i> one hour
ahead of standard time, which they already are because of the previous
rule, so there should be no change.</li>
</ul>
<p>OK, now let’s look at a Zone record:</p>
<pre>
#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/Chicago -5:50:36 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:09:24
-6:00 US C%sT 1920
-6:00 Chicago C%sT 1936 Mar 1 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1936 Nov 15 2:00
-6:00 Chicago C%sT 1942
-6:00 US C%sT 1946
-6:00 Chicago C%sT 1967
-6:00 US C%sT
</pre>
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="5">Columns Renamed</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Standard Offset<br>
from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian">Prime
Meridian</a></th>
<th rowspan="2">Daylight<br>Saving Time</th>
<th rowspan="2">Abbreviation(s)</th>
<th colspan="2">Ending at Local Time</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Time</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−5:50:36</td>
<td>not observed</td>
<td>LMT</td>
<td>1883-11-18</td>
<td>12:09:24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">−6:00:00</td>
<td>US rules</td>
<td rowspan="2">CST or CDT</td>
<td>1920-01-01</td>
<td>00:00:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chicago rules</td>
<td>1936-03-01</td>
<td rowspan="2">02:00:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−5:00:00</td>
<td>not observed</td>
<td>EST</td>
<td>1936-11-15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">−6:00:00</td>
<td>Chicago rules</td>
<td>CST or CDT</td>
<td>1942-01-01</td>
<td rowspan="3">00:00:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>US rules</td>
<td>CST, CWT or CPT</td>
<td>1946-01-01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chicago rules</td>
<td rowspan="2">CST or CDT</td>
<td>1967-01-01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>US rules</td>
<td colspan="2">–</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>There are a couple of interesting differences between Zones and Rules.</p>
<p>First, and somewhat trivially, whereas Rules are considered to
contain one or more records, a Zone is considered to be a single
record with zero or more <i>continuation lines</i>. Thus, the keyword,
“<code>Zone</code>,” and the zone name are not
repeated. The last line is the one without anything in
the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column.</p>
<p>Second, and more fundamentally, each line of a Zone represents a
steady state, not a transition between states. The state exists from
the date and time in the previous line’s <code>[UNTIL]</code>
column up to the date and time in the current
line’s <code>[UNTIL]</code> column. In other words, the date and
time in the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column is the instant that separates
this state from the next. Where that would be ambiguous because
we’re setting our clocks back, the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column
specifies the first occurrence of the instant. The state specified by
the last line, the one without anything in the <code>[UNTIL]</code>
column, continues to the present.</p>
<p>The first line typically specifies the mean solar time observed
before the introduction of standard time. Since there’s no line before
that, it has no beginning. <code>8-) </code> For some places near the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line">International
Date Line</a>, the first <i>two</i> lines will show solar times
differing by 24 hours; this corresponds to a movement of the Date
Line. For example:</p>
<pre>
#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/Juneau 15:02:19 - LMT 1867 Oct 18
-8:57:41 - LMT ...
</pre>
<p>When Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867, the Date Line moved
from the Alaska/Canada border to the Bering Strait; and the time in
Alaska was then 24 hours earlier than it had
been. <code>&lt;aside&gt;</code>(6 October in the Julian calendar,
which Russia was still using then for religious reasons, was followed
by <i>a second instance of the same day with a different name</i>, 18
October in the Gregorian calendar. Isn’t civil time
wonderful? <code>8-)</code>)<code>&lt;/aside&gt;</code></p>
<p>The abbreviation, “LMT” stands for “local mean
time”, which is an invention of
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz
database</a> and was probably never actually used during the
period. Furthermore, the value is almost certainly wrong except in the
archetypal place after which the zone is named. (The tz database
usually doesn’t provide a separate Zone record for places where
nothing significant happened after 1970.)</p>
<p>The <code>RULES</code> column tells us whether daylight saving time is being observed:
<ul>
<li>A hyphen, a kind of null value, means that we have not set our
clocks ahead of standard time.</li>
<li>An amount of time (usually but not necessarily “1:00”
meaning one hour) means that we have set our clocks ahead by that
amount.</li>
<li>Some alphabetic string means that we <i>might have</i> set our
clocks ahead; and we need to check the rule the name of which is the
given alphabetic string.</li>
</ul>
<p>An example of a specific amount of time is:</p>
<pre>
#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Honolulu ... 1933 Apr 30 2:00
-10:30 1:00 HDT 1933 May 21 12:00
...
</pre>
<p>Hawaii tried daylight saving time for three weeks in 1933 and
decided they didn’t like it. <code>8-) </code>Note that
the <code>STDOFF</code> column always contains the standard time
offset, so the local (wall clock) time during this period was GMT −
10:30 + 1:00 = GMT − 9:30.</p>
<p>The <code>FORMAT</code> column specifies the usual abbreviation of
the time zone name. It should have one of four forms:</p>
<ul>
<li>a time zone abbreviation that is a string of three or more
characters that are either ASCII alphanumerics,
“<code>+</code>”, or “<code>-</code>”</li>
<li>the string “%z”, in which case the
“<code>%z</code>” will be replaced by a numeric time zone
abbreviation</li>
<li>a pair of time zone abbreviations separated by a slash
(‘<code>/</code>’), in which case the first string is the
abbreviation for the standard time name and the second string is the
abbreviation for the daylight saving time name</li>
<li>a string containing “<code>%s</code>”, in which case
the “<code>%s</code>” will be replaced by the text in the
appropriate Rule’s <code>LETTER</code> column, and the resulting
string should be a time zone abbreviation</li>
</ul>
<p>The last two make sense only if there’s a named rule in effect.</p>
<p>An example of a slash is:</p>
<pre>
#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/London ... 1996
0:00 EU GMT/BST
</pre>
<p>The current time in the UK is called either Greenwich mean time or
British summer time.</p>
<p>One wrinkle, not fully explained in <code>zic.8.txt</code>, is what
happens when switching to a named rule. To what values should
the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> data be initialized?</p>
<ul>
<li>If at least one transition has happened, use
the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> data from the most
recent.</li>
<li>If switching to a named rule before any transition has happened,
assume standard time (<code>SAVE</code> zero), and use
the <code>LETTER</code> data from the earliest transition with
a <code>SAVE</code> of zero.
</ul>
<p>And three last things about the <code>FORMAT</code> column:</p>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz
database</a> gives abbreviations for time zones
in popular English-language usage. For
example, the last line in
<code>Zone</code> <code>Pacific/Honolulu</code> (shown below) gives
“HST” for “Hawaii standard time” even though the
<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/263">legal</a>
name for that time zone is “Hawaii–Aleutian standard time”.
This author has read that there are also some places in Australia where
popular time zone names differ from the legal ones.
<li>No attempt is made to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization">localize</a>
the abbreviations. They are intended to be the values returned through the
<code>"%Z"</code> format specifier to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C</a>’s
<a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/strftime.html"><code>strftime</code></a>
function in the
<a href="https://kirste.userpage.fu-berlin.de/chemnet/use/info/libc/libc_19.html#SEC324">“C” locale</a>.
<li>If there is no generally accepted abbreviation for a time zone,
a numeric offset is used instead, e.g., <code>+07</code> for 7 hours
ahead of Greenwich. By convention, <code>-00</code> is used in a
zone while uninhabited, where the offset is zero but in some sense
the true offset is undefined.
</ul>
<p>As a final example, here’s the complete history for Hawaii:</p>
<pre># Relevant Excerpts from the US Rules
#Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule US 1918 1919 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule US 1942 only - Feb 9 2:00 1:00 W # War
Rule US 1945 only - Aug 14 23:00u 1:00 P # Peace
Rule US 1945 only - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
# The Zone Record
#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Honolulu -10:31:26 - LMT 1896 Jan 13 12:00
-10:30 - HST 1933 Apr 30 2:00
-10:30 1:00 HDT 1933 May 21 2:00
-10:30 US H%sT 1947 Jun 8 2:00
-10:00 - HST
</pre>
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="6">What We Infer</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Wall-Clock<br>Offset from<br>Prime Meridian</th>
<th rowspan="2">Adjust<br>Clocks</th>
<th colspan="2">Time Zone</th>
<th colspan="2">Ending at Local Time</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Abbrv.</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Time</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−10:31:26</td>
<td>–</td>
<td>LMT</td>
<td>local mean time</td>
<td>1896-01-13</td>
<td>12:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−10:30</td>
<td>+0:01:26</td>
<td>HST</td>
<td>Hawaii standard time</td>
<td>1933-04-30</td>
<td>02:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−9:30</td>
<td>+1:00</td>
<td>HDT</td>
<td>Hawaii daylight time</td>
<td>1933-05-21</td>
<td>12:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−10:30&sup1;</td>
<td>−1:00&sup1;</td>
<td>HST&sup1;</td>
<td>Hawaii standard time</td>
<td>1942-02-09</td>
<td>02:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">−9:30</td>
<td>+1:00</td>
<td>HWT</td>
<td>Hawaii war time</td>
<td>1945-08-14</td>
<td>13:30&sup2;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0</td>
<td>HPT</td>
<td>Hawaii peace time</td>
<td>1945-09-30</td>
<td rowspan="2">02:00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−10:30</td>
<td>−1:00</td>
<td rowspan="2">HST</td>
<td rowspan="2">Hawaii standard time</td>
<td>1947-06-08</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−10:00&sup3;</td>
<td>+0:30&sup3;</td>
<td colspan="2">–</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" class="footnote">
&sup1;Switching to US rules...most recent transition (in 1919) was to standard time
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" class="footnote">
&sup2;23:00 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>
+ (−9:30) = 13:30 local
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" class="footnote">
&sup3;Since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601">1947-06-08T12:30Z</a>,
the civil time in Hawaii has been
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">UTC</a>
−10:00 year-round.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>There will be a short quiz later. <code>8-)</code></p>
<hr>
<address>
This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2015-10-20 by Bill Seymour.
<br>
All suggestions and corrections will be welcome; all flames will be amusing.
Mail to was at pobox dot com.
</address>
</body>
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